Name: ______
Review Sheet—Meiosis 11-12
1. List the elements found in nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
Nucleic Acids- CHONP; Carb- CHO; Lipids-(CH)O; Proteins- CHON
2. Draw a molecule of DNA with at least 8 nucleotides. Label the 3 main parts.
3. Which 2 parts of the nucleotide make up the “sides” of the DNA “ladder”?
Sugar and Phosphate
4. Which part of a nucleotide makes up the “steps” of the DNA “ladder”?
Nitrogen Base
5. How many different nitrogen bases are there? List the nitrogen bases and tell which ones pair up.
Four plus one for RNA. Adenine with Thymine; Guanine with Cytosine; Uracil with Adenine for RNA
6. An organism’s traits are determined by this molecule.
A. Carbohydrates B. Deoxyribonucleic acids C. Enzymes D. Triglycerides
7. The number of Adenine must equal the number of Thymine in any DNA molecule. And the percentage of cytosine must equal the percentage of Guanine in any DNA molecule.
8. What shape is DNA? Double Helix
9. What is the function of DNA? How does it’s structure relate to it’s function?
Codes for traits (proteins). The sequence of nitrogen bases determines the protein formed.
10. Which part of the nucleotide allows DNA to act as a code? Nitrogen Base
11. Fill in the blanks: The sequence of the nitrogen bases in DNA gives instructions to the ribosomes to make Proteins(traits).
12. Explain how DNA, genes and chromosomes are related.
Chromosomes are tightly wound DNA and Genes are segments of DNA that have specific codes for a protein (trait).
13. Draw a chromosome (sister Chromatids), chromatin, and a double helix.
14. Put the following terms in order from largest to smallest. Gene, nucleotide, chromosome, and nitrogen base.
Chromosome, Gene, Nucleotide, nitrogen Base
15. Before a cell can divide through mitosis, it must go through replication. What is replication? Why is this important? The replication of DNA. This is important so that both daughter cells have equal DNA.
16. Draw a picture showing how one molecule of DNA can be used to produce 2 identical copies of the DNA molecule.
17. What is the difference between gametes and somatic cells?
Gametes= Sex Cells Somatic= Body Cells
18. What is a mutation and what are the 3 possible results of a mutation?
Mutation is a change in genetic information (genes or Nucleotide sequence).
Mutations can have positive, negative or neutral(no) effect
19. A deletion or insertion of a base from a gene can affect an organism by changing the structure of the Protein.
20. Number the stages of the cell cycle in order: 2Mitosis 3Cytokinesis 1 Interphase
21. Describe what happens during each stage of the cell cycle listed above.
Growth 1 phase and Replication and Growth 2 phase
Mitosis- Splitting of nucleus into two
Cytokinesis- Splitting of Cytoplasm
22. What is the goal of mitosis?
To create two daughter cells of identical DNA
23. List 3 reasons that cells need to go through mitosis and cytokinesis.
1. To replace dead cells
2. Heal wounds
3. Growth
4. Asexual reproduction
24. What type of cells is produced during mitosis? Are these cells diploid or haploid?
Body Cells/Autosomes/Somatic Diploid
25. If mitosis did not occur what would be some possible outcomes?
A cell with extra chromosomes, you could never heal, you would never grow
26. What is the purpose of meiosis?
To create 4 haploid cells/gametes so that we can reproduce
27. What type of cells is produced during meiosis? How many chromosomes do the resulting cells have? How many daughter cells are formed in Meiosis?
Haploid/Gametes Half as many chromosomes as the parent cell 4 daughter cells are produce
28. What is binary fission? Is it more similar to mitosis or meiosis? Explain.
Is the process of asexual reproduction for prokaryotic cells It is more similar to mitosis because you are beginning with a parent cell that reproduces asexually and creates two identical cells
29. Mutations can be passed on to offspring if they occur during which process: Mitosis or Meiosis?
Meiosis
30. Mutations in which of these cells are not passed on to offspring: hair cell, sperm cell, heart cell, and blood cell.
31. A ______in an organism’s DNA causes a change in the production of the protein that codes for a specific trait A. Mutation B. Sensation C. Nucleus D. Whistler
32. What is crossing over and why is it important?
It is when two chromosomes come in contact and their genes/chromosomes exchange. This is important because it causes variation.
33. Where is a change caused by a DNA mutation initially going to occur?
Nitrogen Bases during replication that happens during interphase
34. How does Meiosis contribute to genetic variation?
Crossing Over
35. What is a karyotype and what can we learn from it?
A map of chromosomes that indicate the presence of a genetic disorder and the sex of an organism
36. What would happen if a chromosome breaks during Anaphase?
This is called non-disjunction. When chromosomes do not separate correctly during anaphase and one cell is without a chromosome and one cell has too many.
37. When a parent cell undergoes the Cell Cycle, what will the daughter cell look like?
A. same chromosome number B. Genes on chromosomes will be picture perfect C. The daughter cells will have the same function D. All of the above