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Review for Exam II and the 2nd Lab Practical

Organic and Biological Chemistry CHM122

Bixler-Zalesinsky

What is the format of Exam II?

  • Multiple choice, Matching, and True & False Questions

What chapters are covered in Exam II?

  • Chapters 16 – 19

How many questions are on Exam II?

  • More than 50 questions worth 2 pts each which allows for some bonus

What is the emphasis of Exam II?

  • Below are questions to help you discover what may be asked on Exam II. It is not a literal question list but is to be used as a tool to focus your studying.

CHAPTER 16

  1. Disaccharides are ______
  1. Which group of carbohydrates cannot be hydrolyzed to give smaller molecules? ______
  2. A monosaccharide that consists of 5 carbon atoms, one of which is a ketone group is classified as a(n) ______
  3. Stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other are ______.
  4. Give an example of a household item that is chiral. ______
  5. Define chiral ______

______

  1. Site at least one difference between D-glucose and L-glucose
  1. List three common uses or places to find glucose
  2. ______
  3. ______
  4. ______
  5. Give two examples of noncarbohydrate sweeteners
  • ______
  • ______
  1. What is galactosemia? ______

______

______

  1. What is hyperglycemia? ______

______

  1. In the carbon cycle, CO2 and water are converted to glucose and oxygen by ______
  2. What is glycogen? ______

______

  1. What is cellulose? ______
  2. What dissacharide is made up of glucose and fructose? ______

CHAPTER 17

  1. Give the functional group of a carboxylic acid. ______
  2. Name the acid found in white vinegar. ______
  3. In water solution, how does dilute acetic acid behave? ______
  4. What determines the solubility of a carboxylic acid? ______

______

  1. Write the functional group of an ester. ______
  1. How is a carboxylic acid named in the IUPAC system? ______
  1. Which one is a stronger acid? (Circle one: sulfuric OR carboxylic) acid
  2. In common naming of a carboxylic acid, what is the correct Greek letter used for the carbon adjacent to the carboxyl group? ______
  1. What therapeutic use is made of -hydroxy acids? ______

______

  1. What significant side effect is seen with -hydroxy acid use? ______

______

  1. What kind of intermolecular force occurs between carboxylic acids? ______
  1. What is the common use of monosodium glutamate (hint MSG)? ______
  1. What is the common use of sodium propionate and sodium benzoate? ______
  2. What metabolic product of pyruvic acid is formed anaerobically during exercise? ______
  1. What is the product of the reaction of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid when reacted together under acidic conditions? ______

CHAPTER 18 *(remember we did chapter19 then chapter 18, but they are in numeric order on this review to aid you in looking up answers in your text.)

  1. List four facts about lipids
  • ______
  • ______
  • ______
  • ______
  1. List four physiological functions of lipids.
  • ______
  • ______
  • ______
  • ______
  1. A polyunsaturated fatty acid contains more than one ______.
  2. Unsaturated fatty acids have (circle one: lower OR higher) melting points than saturated fatty acids because ______

______

  1. A long-chain alcohol and long-chain fatty acid form a(n) ______
  2. A triglyceride that is solid at room temperature is called a(n) ______
  3. Commercially, liquid vegetable oils are converted to solid fats such as margarine by ______.
  4. A fat or oil becomes rancid when ______.
  5. Margarine containing partially hydrogenated soybean oil is solid because ______

______

  1. Why can a fatty acid act as a soap to remove grease? ______

______

  1. Glycerophospholipids can interact both with other lipids and water because they contain both ______and ______regions.
  2. The main lipid components in cellular membranes are ______.
  3. Glycosphingolipids are lipids composed of ______,

______, and ______.

  1. The steroid hormone that increases the blood glucose and glycogen levels from fatty acids and amino acids is ______.
  2. In the fluid-mosaic model that describes plasma membranes, two layers of ______molecules have their ______sections oriented to the inside of the membrane.
  1. Channel proteins in a cell membrane serve what function? ______

______

  1. A double cheeseburger with bacon contains 640 kcal and 39 g of fat. Calculate the number of kilocalories from fat. (1 g of fat = 9 kcal; 1 gram of carbohydrates or protein delivers 4 kcal.)
  1. Olesterol is a ______(classification of lipid).

CHAPTER 19

  1. The compound CH3CH2NHCH3 is classified as a (circle one: 10, 20, or 30)
  2. In response to allergic reactions or injury to cells, the body increases the production of ______.
  3. Physiologically active nitrogen-containing compounds produced by plants are called ______.
  4. List four alkaloids.
  • ______
  • ______
  • ______
  • ______
  1. Amines contain ______(element).
  2. In what kind of amine is the nitrogen bonded to two carbon atoms? ______
  3. What functional group is always found in alkoids such as caffeine, nicotine, and digitalis? ______
  4. Diphenhydramine (Benedryl) contains both ______and ______functional groups.
  5. What pharmacologic activity do amphetamine, phenylephrine, and methedrine have in common? ______
  6. What pharmacologically active amine is responsible for the signs and symptoms encountered in an allergic reaction? ______
  1. The prefix nor- in a drug name means that there is ______

______

  1. If the number of carbons is similar, which will have a higher boiling point? (Circle one: amine or hydrocarbon)
  2. What kind of pharmacologic activity is found in the amines Procaine and Lidocaine? ______These drugs were developed by modifying the structure of ______.
  3. What kind of compound is urea? ______
  4. What is the chemical classification of the barbiturate sedatives? ______
  5. Valium is chemically classified as a(n) ______.
  6. Amines having fewer than ______carbons are generally water soluble.

2ndLAB PRACTICAL REVIEW

What is the format of the lab practical?

  • It is a combination of multiple choice, matching, and true & false questions.
  • It also has a component for finding the identity of an unknown.

How many questions are on the practical?

  • It contains more than 30 questions worth 1 point each which composes half of this grade.
  • The other half of this grade is composed of the correct identification of an unknown.

Is there a time limit for this practical?

  • It is the policy of the Science Department that this practical be limited to no more than 90 minutes.
  • After the practical there will be a short introduction to nucleic acids.

How should I study for this practical?

  • Develop a flow chart of tests to use in the identification of the unknown substance. You may use this flow chart in identifying your unknown.
  • Below is a list of questions designed to help focus your studies. It is not a literal question list.
  • You may find it beneficial to study with your lab partner, but remember you cannot work with a lab partner during the practical.

Experiment 26—Carbohydrates

  1. Most disaccharides give (+ or – ) Benedict’s test, (+ or - ) iodine test, (can or cannot) be hydrolyzed, (do or do not) undergo mutarotation.
  2. Maltose is what kind of carbohydrate? ______
  3. Which sugar gives a positive Benedict’s test but is negative with iodine and fermentation tests? ______
  4. Which sugar gives a positive iodine test but is negative with Benedict’s and fermentation tests? ______
  5. Iodine reacts with what class of compounds to give a blue-black complex? ______
  6. Fructose does not undergo hydrolysis because it is a ______
  7. Sucrose is a ______(classification of carbohydrate).
  8. A reducing sugar gives a ______with Benedict’s reagent.
  9. Sucrose is made up of ______& ______.
  10. Cellulose will give a ______iodine test.
  11. Cellulose is a carbohydrate that (circle one: can or cannot) be digested by humans.
  12. ______(name of sugar) is a disaccharide that occurs as a breakdown product of starch.
  13. ______(name of sugar) is a monosaccharide that combines with glucose to form lactose.
  14. ______(name of sugar) is a disaccharide found in milk and milk products.
  15. ______(name of sugar) is a monosaccharide found in fruit juices and honey and is the sweetest carbohydrate.

Experiment 22—Synthesis of Aspirin and Esters

O

  1. The common name of the compound CH3CH2CH2COH is ______.
  2. Many fragrances of flowers and flavors of fruits are due to ______.
  3. What is the common name for ethanoic acid? ______.
  4. Derivatives of which aromatic carboxylic acid have been used as analgesics, antipyretics, and anti-inflammatory agents? ______
  5. What chemical process is responsible for the smell of vinegar in an old bottle of aspirin? ______
  6. Methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen) is used therapeutically as a ______.
  7. The Merck Index is a useful reference for
  • ______
  • ______

Experiment 27—Saponification

  1. The reaction of an ester with NaOH is known as ______.
  2. Which part of a soap is responsible for its ability to dissolve fats and oily dirt? ______
  3. What is the name of the structure formed when a soap coats an oily particle to make it water soluble? ______
  4. Naturally derived soaps consist of a (Circle one: soluble or insoluble) salt of a ______.
  5. The name of the reaction that occurs when a fat reacts with NaOH and water is ______.
  6. Is a catalyst needed for saponification? ______

Experiment 28—Cholesterol

  1. Lipids are compounds that are soluble in (circle one: polar or nonpolar) solvents like ______(give example).
  2. Classify the following substances:

A)cholesterol ______

B) nicotine ______

C) lactose ______

31. List four functions of gycerolphospholipids

  • ______
  • ______
  • ______
  • ______

32. The most common type of gallstones is composed of almost pure ______.

33. List four lipoproteins that carry nonpolar lipids through the bloodstream

  • ______
  • ______
  • ______
  • ______

34.______is a steroid hormone that increases the blood glucose and glycogen levels from fatty acids and amino acids.

35. ______(name of a lipid) is one inner component of a typical cell membrane.

36. A lipoprotein particle functions to ______

______.

37. Synthesis of cholesterol and bile salts takes place in the ______. (part of the human body)

38. Bile salts are synthesized from ______(name of lipid).

39. Cholesterol belongs to the ______group of lipids.

40. In a simple model of atherosclerosis and heart disease, the compound that forms plaques that adhere to the walls of the blood vessels is ______.