Respiratory System Guided Notes

Respiratory System Guided Notes

Nose

-Two chambers lined with ______. It is divided by a ______, and separated from the oral cavity by the ______.

Function: Contains smell receptors, ______, filters, ______the incoming air. It receives ______from the paranasal sinuses and ______ducts.

Pharynx (Throat)

______lined muscular tube containing ______for defense.

Three sections:

-Nasopharynx- ______

-Oropharynx- ______

-Laryngopharynx- ______

Larynx (Voicebox)

A ______structure that connects the ______with the ______. The opening is called the ______and it’s covered by a hood called the ______. The epiglottis prevents ______of food or drink into the respiratory passages when ______. It contains the ______and the prominent ______cartilage-the Adam’s apple.

Trachea (windpipe)

A smooth tube lined with ______, and reinforced with ______shaped cartilage rings. It extends from the ______to the primary ______.

Primary Bronchi (right and left)

Subdivision of the ______, and plunges into the ______of the lung.

-______-covers the surface of the lungs

-______-lines the ______wall

Pleural secretions are between them and ______friction during ______.

Physiology of the Respiratory System

Gas travels from an area of ______pressure to an area of ______pressure (diffusion). ______pressure is always ______than ______pressure.

____________is the movement of air ______and out of the lungs.

Inspiration

The ______and external intercostals contract  the ______of the intercostals ______. The lungs ______in volume as they cling to the ______wall. It results in a ______vacuum that sucks in ______.

Expiration

The diaphragm ______and returns to its ______shape  the ______lungs recoil and their volume ______. Air flows ______(passively)

Boyle’s Law

Pressure varies inversely with ______

Equation: ______(when temperature is constant)

Non-Respiratory Air Movements

It’s the ______or ______activities that moves into or out of the lungs. Examples include coughing and ______- ______

Talking and ______-______.

Laughing, ______, yawning

______-irritation of the ______or the phrenic nerve

Breathing

-Normal, quiet breathing = ______mL of air/breath. This is referred to as ______(TV)

-Inspiratory Reserve Volume- The amount of air that can be taken in ______over the tidal ______(IRV)

-Expiratory Reserve Volume-The amount of air that can be forcibly ______after tidal ______(ERV)

-Residual Volume-The air that ______in the lungs and cannot be ______even during ______expiration (RV). The residual volume keeps the lungs ______.

-The air that remains in the passage (______, bronchi) never reaches the ______so there is no exchange. It’s called ______and isn’t part of the total ______capacity.

Vital Capacity

The total amount of ______air is known as the vital capacity

Equation:______

External Respiration

Based on the laws of ______.It’s ______transport. Exchange= air to ______or blood to ______. Oxygen moves from the ______air to the pulmonary ______. Carbon dioxide moves from the ______blood to the ______air.

Internal Respiration

Gas exchange at the ______capillaries. ______unloads from the tissue.

Cellular Respiration

______is used at the cellular level to breakdown ______to produce ______. Carbon dioxide is produced (waste) from the cellular ______that breaks down sugar to release ______

Control

Nervous system- ______reflexes in the lungs send a message to the centers in the ______and ______.

Physical factors-______temperature, exercise, ______, yawning, singing.

Voluntary control- as long as it does ______interfere with homeostasis.

Emotional- ______, anger, ______

Chemical Factors

______levels are the most important ______affecting respiration in healthy individuals. An ______or ______in the levels of carbon dioxide will ______respiratory timing and ______. It’s controlled in the ______.

pH

______causes ______(raises blood pH), apnea, and ______. Breathing into a ______will make you breathe ______which adds carbonic acid to the ______. The carbonic acid will bring the blood pH ______towards ______

Pathology

COPD: ______

Includes emphysema and ______bronchitis. 80% associated with ______or pollution.

Symptoms:

-Dyspnea- ______or difficult breathing

-Hypoventilation- ______retention, ______, acidosis. It ultimately leads to ______failure

Emphysema

Permanent ______of the alveoli with ______of the alveolar walls. Alveoli lose ______. Hyperventilation of alveoli makes ______difficult and requires ______for ______

Chronic Bronchitis

Inhaled ______leads to chronic ______production  ______response and ______of tissue  impaired ______and gas exchange, and ______bacterial infections.

Asthma

Characterized by ______, wheezing, and chest ______. It is a ______obstructive condition- as long as patients use ______and avoid scenarios that bring on an ______

Tuberculosis

______, caused by ______that’s spread by ______. It usually causes ______nodules in the lungs. Until the 1930s, TB caused ______of all deaths of 20-45 year olds.

______, antibiotics caused a major ______.

______, antibiotic ______caused a sharp increase