Resistance to Soil-Borne Cereal Mosaic Virus in Durum Wheat Is Controlled by a Major QTL

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/ Journal: / THEORETICAL APPLIED GENETICS
Article Title: / RESISTANCE TO SOIL-BORNE CEREAL MOSAIC VIRUS IN...
Article No.: / s00122-011-1605-9

Resistance to Soil-borne cereal mosaic virus in durum wheat is controlled by a major QTL on chromosome arm 2BS and minor loci

Marco Maccaferri1, Claudio Ratti1, Concepcion Rubies-Autonell1, Victor Vallega2, Andrea Demontis3, Sandra Stefanelli1, Roberto Tuberosa1, Maria Corinna Sanguineti1

1 Department of Agroenvironmental Science and Technology, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy

2 CRA, Experimental Institute for Cereal Research, Via Cassia 176, 00191 Rome, Italy

3Società Produttori Sementi Bologna S.p.A., Divisione Ricerca, Via Macero 1, 40050 Argelato (BO), Italy.

corresponding author:
Phone: +39 051 2096651
Fax:+39 051 2096241

Supplemetary tables revised (your document Supporting Documents 122_2011_1605_MOESM2_ESM.doc )

Supplemental Table 1. Mean values for grain yield components (number of kernels per square meter, KPSM; thousand kernel weight, TKW; test weight, TW) of Meridiano and Claudio (parents of the recombinant inbred population), Grazia (susceptible check), and the181 F7:8 M×C recombinant inbred lines (RILs) evaluated in two years (2007 and 2008) of field trials.Range (minimum and maximum), coefficient of variation (CV) and heritability values (h2) of the M×C RILs are also reported.

KPSM / TKW / TW / KPSM / TKW / TW
(kernels no.m-2) / (g 1000 kernels-1) / (kg hl-1) / (kernels no. m-2) / (g 1000 kernels-1) / (kg hl-1)
Meridiano / 12990 / 42.8 / 72.8 / 23315 / 37.4 / 71.7
Claudio / 4921 / 38.0 / 72.3 / 17616 / 34.4 / 68.6
Grazia / 3214 / 30.8 / 67.9 / 8295 / 26.4 / 59.4
RILs
Mean / 8379 / 40.7 / 72.4 / 18082 / 36.7 / 69.9
Min / 952 / 29.4 / 63.4 / 4983 / 29.1 / 55.4
Max / 14000 / 49.9 / 76.6 / 25023 / 43.8 / 76.7
CV / 18.8 / 7.9 / 3.9 / 12.6 / 7.0 / 3.7
h2 (%) / 75.6 / 69.4 / 61.6 / 78.9 / 65.5 / 66.1

Supplemental Table 2. Mean values for normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and chlorophyll content (SPAD) of Meridiano and Claudio (parents of the recombinant inbred population), Grazia (susceptible check), and the181 F7:8 M×C recombinant inbred lines (RILs) evaluated in two years (2007 and 2008) of field trials.Range (minimum and maximum), coefficient of variation (CV) and heritability values (h2) of the M×C RILs are also reported.

NDVI / SPAD / NDVI / SPAD
2-07 / 4-07 / 2-07 / 4-07 / 1-08 / 2-08 / 3-08 / 4-08 / 2-08 / 3-08 / 4-08
(NDVI units)a / (SPAD units) / (NDVI units) / (SPAD units)
Meridiano / 0.84 / 0.86 / 46.6 / 45.4 / 0.53 / 0.65 / 0.72 / 0.72 / 47.4 / 49.3 / 54.5
Claudio / 0.79 / 0.79 / 42.4 / 35.7 / 0.49 / 0.62 / 0.68 / 0.71 / 53.9 / 51.2 / 51.4
Grazia / 0.51 / 0.75 / 34.3 / 35.6 / 0.44 / 0.58 / 0.51 / 0.61 / 48.5 / 44.0 / 40.8
RILs
Mean / 0.79 / 0.81 / 43.2 / 40.4 / 0.52 / 0.64 / 0.68 / 0.71 / 50.3 / 49.1 / 50.7
Min / 0.48 / 0.53 / 27.0 / 26.2 / 0.33 / 0.49 / 0.53 / 0.58 / 45.4 / 42.3 / 36.3
Max / 0.88 / 0.90 / 53.7 / 48.7 / 0.66 / 0.74 / 0.76 / 0.77 / 56.7 / 55.4 / 57.9
CV / 8.8 / 8.1 / 7.0 / 8.6 / 13.7 / 7.2 / 5.9 / 4.6 / 4.7 / 4.9 / 7.1
h2 (%) / 63.8 / 64.1 / 89.1 / 75.7 / 35.5 / 52.7 / 65.9 / 51.6 / 38.9 / 63.2 / 73.6

a Scoring/sampling dates are indicated in the materials and methods section

Supplemental Table 3. Features of QSbm.ubo-2BS for the physiological and agronomic traits related to SBCMV response, based on the composite interval mapping (CIM) analysis of 181 F 7:8 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) obtained from the cross Meridiano × Claudio and phenotyped in 2007 and 2008. The favourable QTL allele (conferring resistance to SBCMV) was contributed by Meridiano. Additive effects were calculated as half of the differences between the mean of the two homozigous RIL classes with the Claudio and the Meridiano alleles, respectively.

Traita / Trait unit / QTL positionb / LOD peak / R2 / Additive effect / Most associated marker
cM / LOD unit / %
2007
NDVI2 / NDVI units / 6-10-12 / 20.4 / 34.7 / – 0.04 / wPt-2106
NDVI4 / NDVI units / 6-10-12 / 29.6 / 48.3 / – 0.05 / wPt-2106
SPAD2 / SPAD units / 6-8-10 / 41.5 / 63.1 / – 5.37 / wPt-2106
SPAD4 / SPAD unit / 6-8-12 / 32.6 / 55.4 / – 3.82 / wPt-2106
KPSM / kernel m-2 / 6-10-12 / 58.1 / 71.6 / – 3.75×103 / wPt-2106
TKW / g 1000 kernel-1 / 6-12-20 / 18.7 / 36.5 / – 2.50 / wPt-1601
TW / kg hl-1 / 6-12-22 / 6.9 / 12.8 / – 0.91 / wPt-1601
2008
NDVI1 / NDVI units / 8-12-20 / 14.4 / 27.3 / – 0.03 / wPt-1601
NDVI2 / NDVI units / 6-10-14 / 19.6 / 36.4 / – 0.03 / wPt-2106
NDVI3 / NDVI units / 6-8-12 / 32.8 / 52.8 / – 0.04 / wPt-2106
NDVI4 / NDVI units / 10-12-20 / 24.9 / 42.2 / – 0.02 / wPt-1601
SPAD2 / SPAD unit / nsc / - / - / - / -
SPAD3 / SPAD units / 6-8-12 / 25.9 / 44.3 / – 1.92 / wPt-2106
SPAD4 / SPAD units / 6-8-12 / 42.4 / 64.3 / – 3.94 / wPt-2106
KPSM / kernel m-2 / 6-8-12 / 37.6 / 59.3 / – 3.66×103 / wPt-2106
TKW / g 1000 kernel-1 / 6-10-22 / 8.6 / 15.2 / – 1.24 / wPt-2106
TW / kg hl-1 / 6-14-24 / 9.8 / 16.2 / – 1.33 / wPt-1601

a Trait acronyms: NDVI: normalized difference vegetation index, SPAD: greenness index, KPSM: kernels per square meter, TKW: thousand kernel weight, TW: test weight

b The central value indicates the QTL peak, the flanking values indicate the LOD – 2 confidence interval

cns: not significant; no significant QTL effect was detected for the specific trait

Supplemental Table 4.Results of the single marker analysis (simple linear regression model) based on the 181Meridiano × Claudio recombinant inbred lines (RILs) and on their SBCMV-response data (2007 and 2008)for the markers mapped in the distal region of chromosome arm 2BS (harboring QSbm.ubo-2BS). The results of the analysis are reported for the fourth scoring/sampling date of each year.

Marker / Position / SS4-07 / ELISA4-07 / SS4-08 / ELISA4-08
(cM) / ba / F / Pb / b / F / P / b / F / P / b / F / P
Xwmc661 / 0.0 / 0.40 / 219.6 / **** / 0.36 / 144.7 / **** / 0.35 / 224.2 / **** / 0.48 / 96.2 / ****
Xgwm210 / 2.9 / 0.43 / 330.6 / **** / 0.36 / 157.5 / **** / 0.37 / 316.3 / **** / 0.56 / 166.3 / ****
Xbarc35c / 6.4 / 0.44 / 383.1 / **** / 0.37 / 167.2 / **** / 0.40 / 467.3 / **** / 0.59 / 194.0 / ****
wPt-2106 / 9.8 / 0.47 / 643.6 / **** / 0.39 / 198.0 / **** / 0.42 / 772.9 / **** / 0.65 / 333.7 / ****
wPt-1601 / 11.7 / 0.46 / 530.1 / **** / 0.38 / 172.3 / **** / 0.42 / 650.9 / **** / 0.61 / 228.9 / ****
Xwmc243 / 28.9 / 0.26 / 51.1 / *** / 0.21 / 29.8 / *** / 0.22 / 50.6 / *** / 0.31 / 28.5 / ***
wPt-3561 / 43.5 / 0.09 / 5.1 / * / 0.06 / 2.2 / ns / 0.08 / 5.2 / * / 0.10 / 2.7 / ns
wPt-9668 / 44.4 / 0.09 / 4.7 / * / 0.05 / 1.4 / ns / 0.08 / 4.7 / * / 0.09 / 2.0 / ns
wPt-7158 / 45.0 / 0.08 / 4.5 / * / 0.04 / 1.1 / ns / 0.07 / 4.4 / * / 0.09 / 2.3 / ns
wPt-5788 / 47.5 / 0.10 / 6.5 / * / 0.07 / 3.4 / ns / 0.09 / 6.8 / ** / 0.12 / 4.2 / *
wPt-5513 / 47.5 / 0.10 / 6.5 / * / 0.07 / 3.4 / ns / 0.09 / 6.8 / ** / 0.12 / 4.2 / *
wPt-4195 / 48.5 / 0.11 / 7.4 / ** / 0.08 / 4.0 / * / 0.10 / 7.6 / ** / 0.12 / 4.1 / *
Xgwm1198 / 50.2 / 0.10 / 5.9 / * / 0.07 / 2.7 / ns / 0.08 / 5.4 / * / 0.10 / 3.0 / ns
Xgwm429 / 60.4 / 0.02 / 0.2 / ns / 0.01 / 0.0 / ns / 0.01 / 0.6 / ns / 0.02 / 0.2 / ns

ab linearregression coefficient

b marker-wise test: ns not significant; * significant at P ≤ 0.05; ** significant at P ≤ 0.01; ***significant at P ≤ 0.001; **** significant at P ≤ 0.0001

cXbarc35 comapped with wPt-5738 and wPt-7970

Supplemental Table 5. Features of the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) other than Qsbm.ubo-2BS that were identified based on the analysis of 85 F7:8 Meridiano × Claudio recombinant inbred lines (RILs) with the Claudio haplotype (susceptible allele) in the chromosome region harboring QSbm.ubo-2BS. Results are reported for visual symptom severity (SS) score, virus concentration in leaves (ELISA) and grain yield (GY). Composite Interval Mapping (CIM) analysis was carried out with a common LOD threshold of 2. QTLs with LOD peak comprised between 2 and 3 were considered as low-confidenceQTLs and were reported only in case they where detected for at least two scoring/sampling dates. QTL features for GY were reported only in case their position overlapped with QTLs for SBCMV-response traits.

QTL / Chr. / Most associated marker / QTL position
(cM)a / LOD peak
(LOD unit) / R2
(%) / Additive effectb
QSbm.ubo-1A
SS1-07c / 1AS / wPt-6280 / 0-6-10 / 2.0 / 8.5 / + 0.12
SS2-07 / 0-6-10 / 2.0 / 8.5 / + 0.12
ELISA2-08d / 6-8-12 / 2.3 / 7.9 / + 0.14
GY-08e / 0-2-8 / 5.2 / 22.9 / – 0.63
QSbm.ubo-2A
SS3-07 / 2AL / Xwmc658 / 6-18-20 / 3.1 / 13.7 / – 0.18
SS2-08 / 10-24-30 / 2.7 / 9.0 / – 0.12
GY-08 / 0-6-20 / 2.8 / 9.0 / + 0.40
QSbm.ubo-3A
SS4-08 / 3AL / wPt-11619 / 62-74-78 / 4.0 / 13.9 / + 0.16
ELISA4-08 / 72-78-78 / 2.8 / 9.9 / + 0.24
GY-07 / 62-76-78 / 2.5 / 6.8 / – 0.35
QSbm.ubo-3B.1
SS3-08 / 3BL / Xwmc418 / 71-79-82 / 2.9 / 9.4 / + 0.14
SS4-08 / 78-82-84 / 2.1 / 7.5 / + 0.10
GY-07 / 68-80-82 / 3.3 / 13.6 / – 0.38
QSbm.ubo-3B.2
SS4-07 / 3BL / wPt-0668 / 50-65-70 / 3.2 / 5.8 / – 0.10
QSbm.ubo-4A / 4AS / Xcfd2.1
ELISA2-07 / 0-2-18 / 3.1 / 10.2 / + 0.25
QSbm.ubo-4B
SS2-08 / 4BL / Xcfd94 / 125-136-140 / 3.2 / 10.5 / + 0.14
QSbm.ubo-5A
SS1-07 / 5AL / VRN-A1 / 135-148-168 / 8.1 / 30.1 / – 0.24
SS2-07 / 140-153-166 / 4.0 / 19.5 / – 0.18
ELISA2-07 / 135-148-168 / 6.2 / 22.4 / – 0.12
ELISA4-07 / 172-174-178 / 2.1 / 7.9 / – 0.12
GY-08 / 135-139-145 / 2.3 / 8.8 / +0.38
QSbm.ubo-6B
SS3-08 / 6BS / wPt-6594 / 2-4-8 / 2.2 / 7.4 / + 0.12
SS4-08 / 2-8-18 / 3.6 / 13.3 / + 0.16
QSbm.ubo-7A
ELISA2-08 / 7AS / wPt-7188 / 0-0-8 / 2.1 / 7.9 / – 0.13
ELISA4-08 / 6-10-10 / 2.1 / 7.9 / – 0.22
QSbm.ubo-7B
SS1-07 / 7BS / Xwmc323 / 50-66-66 / 3.4 / 10.9 / – 0.14
SS2-07 / 46-54-66 / 2.9 / 15.3 / – 0.16
SS3-08 / 24-40-46 / 2.6 / 8.5 / – 0.14
SS4-08 / 36-46-60 / 3.5 / 12.9 / – 0.14
ELISA2-07 / 42-44-46 / 2.2 / 7.0 / – 0.12

aThe central value indicates the QTL peak; flanking values indicate the LOD-2 confidence interval

bAdditive effects were calculated as half of the difference between the mean of the two homozygous RIL classes with the Claudio and the Meridiano alleles, respectively. Allele effects positive in sign indicates that the allele increasing the trait originated from Claudio (susceptible)

c SS as visual score from 0 (no symptoms) to 4(severemottling and stunting, with virus-killed plants).Scoring/sampling dates are indicated in the Materials and methods section

d ELISA as absorbance units at 405 nm

e GY as t ha-1

Supplemental Table 6. Results of the single-marker association tests (General Linear Model, GML, accounting for population structure) based on the 111 elite durum accessions and on their SBCMV-response data.Eleven SSR markers mapped in the distal region of chromosome arm 2BS (harboring QSbm.ubo-2BS) were considered. The accessions were evaluated in field trials carried out in 2003 and 2004 forsymptom severity (SS) score and virus concentration (ELISA). The association mapping tests have been conducted by contrasting the group of accessions carrying the allele identical to Meridiano,which has been associated to SBCMV-resistance in the linkage mapping study, versus the pool of the accessions carrying all the other commonalleles. The significance probability level (P) and the R2values of the marker-phenotype association tests are reported.

Marker / Genetic
distance
(cM)a / Association results / SS / ELISA / SS / ELISA
1-03 / 2-03 / 1-03 / 2-03 / 1-04 / 2-04 / 1-04 / 2-04
Xwmc764 / 0 / P / nsb / ns / * / * / ** / ** / *** / ***
R2 (%) / - / - / 7.2 / 6.4 / 9.7 / 9.7 / 9.8 / 17.4
Xbarc35 / 2.5 / P / * / ** / ** / *** / ** / *** / *** / ***
R2 (%) / 10.0 / 12.4 / 12.5 / 11.4 / 11.9 / 14.1 / 17.7 / 22.5
Xwmc661 / 3.8 / P / ** / *** / *** / *** / *** / *** / *** / ***
R2 (%) / 10.3 / 13.8 / 13.5 / 12.0 / 14.6 / 15.7 / 19.0 / 23.7
Xgwm210 / 4.6 / P / * / ** / ** / ** / * / *** / *** / ***
R2 (%) / 6.9 / 8.9 / 11.0 / 9.5 / 7.9 / 9.8 / 14.4 / 16.8
Xwmc489 / 5.1 / P / * / ns / * / ns / ns / ns / ns / ns
R2 (%) / 8.8 / - / 6.1 / - / - / - / - / -
Xwmc382 / 6.4 / P / * / * / ns / ns / ns / ns / * / ns
R2 (%) / 6.8 / 5.5 / 3.1 / - / - / - / 4.3 / -
Xgwm614 / 10.3 / P / ns / ns / ns / ns / ns / ns / ns / ns
R2 (%) / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / -
Xbarc124 / 13.6 / P / ns / ns / ns / ns / ns / ns / ns / ns
R2 (%) / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / -
Xwmc25 / 23.7 / P / * / * / * / ns / * / * / * / *
R2 (%) / 8.5 / 8.0 / 6.3 / - / 8.6 / 4.1 / 4.5 / 5.8
Xwmc154 / 27.2 / P / * / ** / * / * / ns / ns / ns / ns
R2 (%) / 6.0 / 8.8 / 4.5 / 5.4 / - / - / - / -
Xwmc243 / 28.7 / P / *** / *** / *** / *** / *** / *** / *** / ***
R2 (%) / 20.9 / 21.7 / 16.3 / 19.2 / 8.0 / 12.9 / 16.2 / 26.7

a Marker order and genetic distances for the 2BS distal chromosome region are reported according to the consensus map Ta-SSR-2004

bns not significant; * significant at P ≤ 0.05; ** significant at P ≤ 0.01;*** significant at P ≤ 0.001

Supplemental Table 7. Results of the single-marker association tests (General Linear Model, GML, with covariates accounting for population genetic structure) for the 11 SSR markers covering the chromosome region harbouring QSbm.ubo-2BS. The phenotypic least square mean (LSM) values associated to the allelic variants are reported for the group of accessions carrying the allele identical to Meridiano (AMer),which has been associated to SBCMV-resistance in the linkage mapping study, and for the pool of the accessions carrying all the other commonalleles.

Genetic distance
(cM)a / Allele / Allele
count
(no.) / SS / ELISA / SS / ELISA
1-03 / 2-03 / 1-03 / 2-03 / 1-04 / 2-04 / 1-04 / 2-04
(Visual score) / (Absorbance, A 405nm) / (Visual score) / (Absorbance, A 405nm)
Xwmc764 / 0 / AMer (-145 bp) / 60 / - / - / 0.04 / 0.01 / 0.58 / 0.13 / 0.01 / 0.01
Other alleles / 51 / - / - / 0.46 / 0.30 / 1.28 / 0.99 / 0.46 / 0.73
Xbarc35 / 2.5 / AMer (-348 bp) / 49 / 0.45 / 0.06 / 0.03 / 0.01 / 0.58 / 0.12 / 0.01 / 0.01
Other alleles / 61 / 1.10 / 0.84 / 0.55 / 0.38 / 1.31 / 1.09 / 0.58 / 0.78
Xwmc661 / 3.8 / AMer (-184 bp) / 51 / 0.60 / 0.24 / 0.15 / 0.01 / 0.75 / 0.35 / 0.06 / 0.15
Other alleles / 59 / 1.28 / 1.09 / 0.71 / 0.52 / 1.59 / 1.40 / 0.78 / 1.02
Xgwm210 / 4.6 / AMer (-189 bp) / 51 / 0.46 / 0.08 / 0.04 / 0.01 / 0.60 / 0.15 / 0.01 / 0.01
Other alleles / 60 / 1.01 / 0.74 / 0.52 / 0.34 / 1.20 / 0.96 / 0.52 / 0.69
Xwmc489 / 5.1 / AMer (-271 bp) / 61 / 0.60 / - / 0.15 / - / - / - / - / -
Other alleles / 50 / 1.30 / - / 0.56 / - / - / - / - / -
Xwmc382 / 6.4 / AMer (-null) / 37 / 1.19 / 0.80 / - / - / - / - / 0.41 / -
Other alleles / 74 / 0.48 / 0.12 / - / - / - / - / 0.01 / -
Xgwm614 / 10.3 / AMer (-148 bp) / 89 / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / -
Other alleles / 22 / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / -
Xbarc124 / 13.6 / AMer (-248 bp) / 84 / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / -
Other alleles / 20 / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / -
Xwmc25 / 23.7 / AMer (-192 bp) / 80 / 0.32 / 0.01 / 0.01 / - / 0.45 / 0.08 / 0.01 / 0.01
Other alleles / 29 / 1.03 / 0.69 / 0.41 / - / 1.20 / 0.71 / 0.29 / 0.44
Xwmc154 / 27.2 / AMer (-155 bp) / 54 / 0.54 / 0.17 / 0.11 / 0.01 / - / - / - / -
Other alleles / 56 / 1.11 / 0.91 / 0.46 / 0.34 / - / - / - / -
Xwmc243 / 28.7 / AMer (-176 bp) / 70 / 0.65 / 0.29 / 0.18 / 0.04 / 0.77 / 0.38 / 0.10 / 0.20
Other alleles / 40 / 1.87 / 1.63 / 0.95 / 0.85 / 1.54 / 1.58 / 0.92 / 1.34

Supplemental Table 8. Marker haplotypesin the QSbm.ubo-2BSregion for the 111 elite durum wheat accessions used in the association mapping analysis. The SSR markers Xbarc35, Xwmc661,Xgwm210and Xwmc489are positioned in the distal end of chr. arm 2BS (spanning 2.6 cM, Ta-SSR-2004, Somers et al. 2004).Xbarc35, Xwmc661 andXgwm210are distal to QSbm.ubo-2BSand Xwmc489is proximal. Xwmc243 is located ca. 25 cM proximal to Xbarc35. For each SSR locus and T. durum accession, the corresponding allele has been indicated with the molecular weight of the corresponding PCR fragment (base pairs). The alleles identical to those present in Meridiano (carrying the resistance allele atQSbm.ubo-2BS, based on the linkage analysis) are indicated with grey boxes, all the other SSR alleles are in white boxes.

Accession / Population
structure a / Xbarc35 / Xwmc661 / Xgwm210 / Xwmc489 / Xwmc243 / 2003 / 2004
SBCMV response / SS1 / SS2 / ELISA1 / ELISA2 / SS1 / SS2 / ELISA1 / ELISA2
cM
2.5 / 3.8 / 4.6 / 5.1 / 28.7 / (Visual score 0-4) / (Absorbance ) / (Visual score 0-4) / (Absorbance)
Meridiano / RIL parent / 348 / 184 / 179 / 271 / 176
Acalou / 4 / 352 / null / 185 / null / 172 / MS / 2.38 / 2.14 / 1.64 / 0.88 / 1.95 / 2.65 / 1.56 / 1.81
AC Avonlea / 5 / 342 / 166 / null / null / 176 / R / 1.66 / 0.00 / 0.12 / 0.08 / 0.45 / 0.00 / 0.00 / 0.06
AC Melita / 5 / 342 / 166 / null / 271 / 176 / R / 0.00 / 1.43 / 0.05 / 0.02 / 0.45 / 0.45 / 0.17 / 0.09
AC Morse / 5 / 348 / 184 / 179 / 271 / 176 / R / 0.57 / 0.00 / 0.07 / 0.06 / 0.80 / 0.70 / 0.01 / 0.10
AC Navigator / 5 / 348 / 184 / 179 / null / 176 / R / 0.71 / 0.95 / 0.04 / 0.02 / 1.25 / 0.25 / 0.15 / 0.71
AC Pathfinder / 5 / 342 / 198 / 191 / null / 176 / R / 0.24 / 0.00 / 0.07 / 0.68 / 0.60 / 0.75 / 0.95 / 1.04
Agridur / 5 / 342 / 198 / 191 / 271 / 176 / S / 2.85 / 2.61 / 1.61 / 1.69 / 3.00 / 3.00 / 1.59 / 1.80
Altar 84 / 2 / 342 / 198 / 191 / 271 / 176 / S / 2.85 / 2.85 / 1.52 / 0.84 / 2.90 / 2.65 / 1.55 / 1.79
Anton / 3 / 348 / 184 / 179 / 271 / 176 / R / 0.95 / 0.24 / 0.13 / 0.03 / 0.80 / 0.90 / 0.14 / 0.03
Appio / 4 / 348 / 184 / 179 / - / 176 / R / 1.43 / 1.19 / 0.74 / 1.44 / 0.80 / 0.70 / 0.75 / 0.13
Appulo / 1 / - / 162 / 195 / null / 174 / MR / 0.95 / 1.43 / 0.37 / 0.77 / 0.80 / 1.25 / 1.51 / 0.80
Aramon / 3 / 342 / 166 / null / null / 174 / S / 2.85 / 2.85 / 1.61 / 1.61 / 2.70 / 3.35 / 1.04 / 1.81
Arcalis / 4 / 348 / 184 / 179 / 271 / 170 / MR / 0.48 / 2.02 / 1.47 / 0.77 / 1.80 / 2.85 / 0.62 / 1.80
Arcangelo / 4 / 342 / 198 / 191 / null / 174 / MR / 0.00 / 1.66 / 1.32 / 1.63 / 1.35 / 2.60 / 1.41 / 1.79
Arcobaleno / 2 / 342 / 198 / 191 / 271 / 176 / S / 2.61 / 2.61 / 1.50 / 1.50 / 2.95 / 3.20 / 1.58 / 1.81
Ardente / 4 / 342 / 198 / 191 / - / 176 / R / 0.00 / 0.95 / 0.25 / 0.05 / 1.15 / 1.80 / 0.18 / 0.80

(continued)

Accession / Population
structure a / Xbarc35 / Xwmc661 / Xgwm210 / Xwmc489 / Xwmc243 / 2003 / 2004
SBCMV response / SS1 / SS2 / ELISA1 / ELISA2 / SS1 / SS2 / ELISA1 / ELISA2
cM
2.5 / 3.8 / 4.6 / 5.1 / 28.7 / (Visual score 0-4) / (Absorbance units) / (Visual score 0-4) / (Absorbance units)
Arstar / 3 / 342 / 166 / 179 / null / 176 / S / 2.38 / 2.14 / 1.51 / 0.8 / 3.05 / 3.35 / 1.54 / 1.78
Auroch / 5 / 342 / 166 / null / 271 / 176 / R / 1.90 / 0.00 / 0.13 / 0.07 / 1.25 / 0.80 / 0.98 / 0.16
Belikh 2 / 4 / 348 / 184 / 179 / 271 / 176 / R / 0.95 / 0.00 / 0.09 / 0.03 / 1.50 / 1.50 / 0.10 / 0.10
Belzer / 5 / 342 / 198 / 191 / 271 / 176 / S / 2.38 / 1.90 / 1.58 / 0.02 / 3.50 / 3.10 / 1.58 / 1.78
Ben / 5 / 342 / 166 / null / 271 / 176 / R / 0.95 / 0.24 / 0.06 / 0.02 / 0.25 / 0.25 / 0.00 / 0.14
Bravadur / 2 / 348 / 184 / 179 / - / 176 / R / 0.48 / 1.19 / 0.07 / 0.12 / 0.65 / 1.55 / 0.03 / 0.09
Brindur / 5 / 348 / 184 / 179 / 271 / 176 / R / 0.48 / 0.00 / 0.06 / 0.04 / 0.9 / 0.45 / 0.15 / 0.33
Bronte / 2 / 352 / null / 185 / 271 / 172 / MS / 1.90 / 1.66 / 1.50 / 1.14 / 2.95 / 2.80 / 1.69 / 1.79
Capeiti 8 / 1 / - / 162 / 195 / null / 174 / R / 0.00 / 0.95 / 0.81 / 0.70 / 0.25 / 1.35 / 0.95 / 1.43
Cappelli / 1 / 352 / null / 185 / null / 176 / R / 0.05 / 0.36 / 0.82 / 0.04 / 1.15 / 2.05 / 0.29 / 1.20
Ciccio / 1 / - / null / 185 / null / 174 / MS / 0.95 / 2.14 / 1.50 / 1.51 / 2.4 / 3.05 / 1.48 / 1.80
Colorado / 5 / 348 / 184 / 179 / null / 176 / R / 0.48 / 0.36 / 0.11 / 0.04 / 0.90 / 0.35 / 0.00 / 0.14
Colosseo / 4 / 342 / 198 / 191 / 271 / 174 / MR / 2.14 / 1.19 / 0.08 / 0.16 / 2.05 / 1.70 / 0.21 / 1.70
Cortez / 4 / 348 / 184 / 179 / 271 / 174 / MS / 0.95 / 2.61 / 1.54 / 0.77 / 2.45 / 3.10 / 1.71 / 1.82
Creso / 4 / 342 / 198 / 191 / 271 / 170 / MS / 1.19 / 1.19 / 0.56 / 0.75 / 2.60 / 3.40 / 0.89 / 1.72
Don Pedro / 6 / 348 / 184 / 179 / 271 / 176 / R / 0.48 / 0.24 / 0.07 / 0.09 / 0.45 / 0.10 / 0.00 / 0.13
Duilio / 2 / 348 / 184 / 179 / 271 / 176 / R / 0.71 / 0.24 / 0.04 / 0.02 / 1.35 / 1.50 / 0.11 / 0.08
Duraking / 4 / 348 / 184 / 179 / - / 176 / R / 0.00 / 0.24 / 0.19 / 0.04 / 0.50 / 1.15 / 0.01 / 0.07
Durex / 3 / 348 / 184 / 179 / null / 176 / R / 0.48 / 0.59 / 1.21 / 0.66 / 1.25 / 1.25 / 0.08 / 0.11
Durfort / 2 / 348 / 184 / 179 / - / 176 / R / 0.05 / 0.95 / 0.06 / 0.00 / 0.55 / 0.90 / 0.01 / 0.14
Duriac / 6 / 352 / null / 185 / 271 / 174 / MS / 1.43 / 2.61 / 1.60 / 1.68 / 1.40 / 2.70 / 1.81 / 1.79
Edmore / 5 / 348 / 184 / 179 / 271 / 176 / R / 1.43 / 1.43 / 0.10 / 0.03 / 0.70 / 0.50 / 0.14 / 0.20

(continued)

Accession / Population
structure a / Xbarc35 / Xwmc661 / Xgwm210 / Xwmc489 / Xwmc243 / 2003 / 2004
SBCMV response / SS1 / SS2 / ELISA1 / ELISA2 / SS1 / SS2 / ELISA1 / ELISA2
cM
2.5 / 3.8 / 4.6 / 5.1 / 28.7 / SS / (Visual score 0-4) / (Absorbance units) / (Visual score 0-4) / (Absorbance units)
Excalibur / 6 / 352 / null / 185 / 271 / - / S / 2.38 / 2.38 / 1.52 / 1.63 / 3.10 / 3.35 / 1.71 / 1.80
Extradur / 6 / 352 / null / 185 / null / 174 / MS / 0.71 / 1.43 / 1.47 / 1.44 / 2.15 / 3.20 / 1.57 / 1.82
Flavio / 2 / 348 / 184 / 179 / 271 / 176 / R / 0.71 / 0.12 / 0.71 / 0.03 / 1.45 / 1.35 / 0.13 / 0.09
Fortore / 3 / 352 / null / 185 / null / 174 / MS / 1.90 / 2.14 / 1.60 / 1.58 / 2.95 / 3.05 / 1.52 / 1.83
Frankodur / 6 / 352 / null / 185 / null / 174 / MS / 0.24 / 1.78 / 1.42 / 0.88 / 3.05 / 3.05 / 1.64 / 1.82
Galadur / 5 / 348 / 184 / 179 / 271 / 174 / R / 0.00 / 0.00 / 0.07 / 0.06 / 0.45 / 0.05 / 0.01 / 0.08
Gargano / 3 / 352 / null / 185 / - / 174 / MS / 0.48 / 2.14 / 1.34 / 0.82 / 1.80 / 3.15 / 1.72 / 1.80
Goldur / 6 / 352 / 184 / 185 / - / 176 / R / 0.71 / 0.00 / 0.09 / 0.02 / 0.00 / 0.00 / 0.01 / 0.20
Grandur / 6 / 352 / null / 185 / null / 176 / R / 0.00 / 0.48 / 0.21 / 0.07 / 0.8 / 2.65 / 0.96 / 0.92
Grazia / 3 / 342 / 166 / null / 271 / 174 / S / 2.72 / 2.69 / 1.41 / 1.35 / 2.82 / 3.27 / 1.65 / 1.81
Heider / 4 / 350 / 198 / 191 / 271 / 172 / MS / 2.38 / 2.14 / 1.58 / 1.58 / 2.05 / 2.70 / 1.74 / 1.77
Helidur / 6 / 348 / 184 / 179 / 271 / 176 / R / 0.48 / 0.00 / 0.03 / 0.66 / 1.60 / 0.45 / 0.96 / 0.06
Hercules / 5 / 342 / 166 / null / null / 176 / R / 0.83 / 0.00 / 0.11 / 0.03 / 0.00 / 0.00 / 0.02 / 0.10
Ionio (= Ares) / 5 / 352 / null / 185 / 271 / 176 / R / 0.10 / 0.00 / 0.16 / 0.10 / 2.15 / 1.60 / 0.05 / 0.06
Iride / 2 / 348 / 184 / 179 / 271 / 176 / R / 0.48 / 0.00 / 0.04 / 0.03 / 0.90 / 1.25 / 0.28 / 0.35
Italo / 4 / 348 / 184 / 179 / 271 / 176 / R / 0.05 / 0.24 / 0.15 / 0.03 / 0.95 / 0.60 / 0.85 / 0.84
Ixos / 3 / 352 / null / 185 / 271 / 174 / MS / 1.90 / 1.90 / 0.87 / 1.37 / 2.95 / 3.10 / 1.64 / 1.75
Jabato / 4 / 348 / 184 / 179 / null / 170 / S / 2.61 / 2.14 / 1.45 / 1.47 / 2.25 / 3.20 / 1.72 / 1.82
Kabir / 4 / 348 / 184 / 179 / null / 176 / MR / 0.48 / 0.95 / 0.14 / 0.09 / 2.80 / 2.00 / 0.80 / 0.17
Kamilaroi / 6 / 348 / 184 / 179 / - / 176 / R / 0.71 / 0.71 / 0.12 / 0.05 / 1.85 / 0.65 / 0.18 / 0.70

(continued)

Accession / Population
structure a / Xbarc35 / Xwmc661 / Xgwm210 / Xwmc489 / Xwmc243 / 2003 / 2004
SBCMV response / SS1 / SS2 / ELISA1 / ELISA2 / SS1 / SS2 / ELISA1 / ELISA2
cM
2.5 / 3.8 / 4.6 / 5.1 / 28.7 / SS / (Visual score 0-4) / (Absorbance units) / (Visual score 0-4) / (Absorbance units)
Karel / 1 / - / 156 / 185 / null / 172 / MS / 2.00 / 1.66 / 1.57 / 1.61 / 2.50 / 2.80 / 1.77 / 1.51
Korifla (= Cham3) / 4 / 348 / 184 / 179 / 271 / 172 / MR / 0.48 / 0.71 / 0.08 / 0.05 / 1.25 / 2.25 / 0.13 / 0.07
Kronos / 3 / 352 / null / 185 / null / 174 / S / 2.85 / 2.61 / 1.51 / 0.68 / 3.50 / 3.20 / 1.68 / 1.80
Kyle / 5 / 342 / 190 / null / 271 / 176 / R / 0.95 / 0.24 / 0.07 / 0.04 / 1.35 / 0.60 / 0.25 / 0.09
L 35 / 2 / 348 / 184 / 179 / - / 176 / R / 1.19 / 0.00 / 0.10 / 0.06 / 1.15 / 0.35 / 0.00 / 0.29
Lakota / 5 / 342 / 166 / null / 271 / 176 / R / 0.00 / 0.36 / 0.11 / 0.06 / 0.25 / 0.10 / 0.03 / 0.11
Langdon / 5 / 342 / 166 / null / 271 / 176 / R / 0.00 / 0.00 / 0.77 / 0.02 / 0.80 / 0.50 / 0.19 / 0.28
Latino / 2 / 348 / 184 / 179 / 271 / 176 / MR / 2.38 / 0.24 / 0.19 / 0.11 / 1.70 / 0.55 / 0.18 / 0.15
Lira / 3 / 352 / null / 185 / 271 / 176 / MR / 0.24 / 0.00 / 0.15 / 0.17 / 2.05 / 2.50 / 1.67 / 1.42
Lloyd / 5 / 348 / 184 / 179 / 271 / 176 / R / 0.24 / 0.95 / 0.08 / 0.01 / 1.50 / 0.80 / 0.16 / 0.39
Maier / 5 / 348 / 184 / 179 / 271 / 176 / R / 0.10 / 1.19 / 0.11 / 0.06 / 1.25 / 1.50 / 0.16 / 0.31
Messapia / 4 / 348 / 184 / 179 / - / 170 / S / 1.90 / 2.73 / 1.70 / 1.71 / 2.55 / 3.10 / 1.69 / 1.78
Mexicali 75 / 3 / 348 / 184 / 179 / null / 176 / R / 0.48 / 0.12 / 0.89 / 0.06 / 1.15 / 0.70 / 0.30 / 0.71
Mindum / 5 / 342 / 166 / null / 271 / 176 / R / 0.14 / 0.00 / 0.90 / 0.02 / 0.30 / 1.15 / 0.02 / 0.79
Mohawk / 5 / 348 / 184 / 179 / null / 176 / R / 0.71 / 0.71 / 0.07 / 0.07 / 0.35 / 0.60 / 0.41 / 0.50
Munich / 5 / 348 / 184 / 179 / 271 / 176 / R / 1.19 / 0.48 / 0.4 / 0.02 / 0.00 / 0.50 / 0.01 / 0.10
Nefer / 3 / 348 / 184 / 179 / null / 174 / R / 0.95 / 0.24 / 0.12 / 0.05 / 0.70 / 0.50 / 0.02 / 0.07
Neodur / 5 / 348 / 184 / 179 / 271 / 176 / R / 1.66 / 0.00 / 0.03 / 0.03 / 0.45 / 0.00 / 0.02 / 0.06
Ofanto / 3 / - / 162 / 195 / null / 174 / MS / 2.38 / 1.90 / 1.56 / 1.66 / 1.35 / 2.95 / 1.76 / 1.83
Orjaune / 5 / 352 / null / 185 / null / 176 / R / 0.48 / 0.95 / 0.09 / 0.05 / 0.85 / 0.80 / 0.15 / 0.33
Platani / 3 / 352 / null / 185 / null / 174 / MS / 0.71 / 1.43 / 0.67 / 0.06 / 0.80 / 2.40 / 0.26 / 1.64
Plaza / 5 / 348 / 184 / 179 / 271 / 176 / R / 1.43 / 0.48 / 0.07 / 0.01 / 1.20 / 0.90 / 0.09 / 0.08

(continued)

Accession / Population
structure a / Xbarc35 / Xwmc661 / Xgwm210 / Xwmc489 / Xwmc243 / 2003 / 2004
SBCMV response / SS1 / SS2 / ELISA1 / ELISA2 / SS1 / SS2 / ELISA1 / ELISA2
cM
2.5 / 3.8 / 4.6 / 5.1 / 28.7 / (Visual score 0-4) / (Absorbance units) / (Visual score 0-4) / (Absorbance units)
Plenty / 5 / 342 / 166 / null / 271 / 176 / R / 1.90 / 0.24 / 0.05 / 0.04 / 0.45 / 0.35 / 0.05 / 0.19
Plinio / 4 / 342 / 166 / null / - / 174 / MS / 0.95 / 2.49 / 1.48 / 0.79 / 2.05 / 2.85 / 1.64 / 1.78
Primadur / 6 / 348 / 184 / 179 / 271 / 176 / MR / 0.48 / 1.43 / 1.44 / 1.44 / 1.60 / 2.8 / 1.71 / 1.80
Produra / 4 / 342 / 198 / 191 / null / 172 / S / 3.09 / 2.85 / 1.52 / 1.62 / 2.25 / 2.95 / 1.58 / 1.80
Renville / 5 / 342 / 166 / null / 271 / 176 / R / 0.00 / 0.48 / 0.07 / 0.03 / 1.35 / 0.55 / 0.01 / 0.12
Reva / 2 / 348 / 184 / 179 / null / 176 / MR / 1.43 / 0.24 / 0.06 / 0.03 / 1.35 / 1.60 / 0.12 / 0.10
Roqueño / 4 / 342 / 198 / 191 / null / 172 / S / 2.85 / 3.09 / 1.54 / 1.08 / 3.10 / 3.35 / 1.69 / 1.83
Rugby / 5 / 348 / 184 / 179 / 271 / 176 / R / 0.48 / 0.00 / 0.80 / 0.50 / 0.95 / 0.75 / 0.80 / 1.36
Russello SG7 / 1 / 352 / 166 / null / null / 176 / MR / 1.90 / 0.83 / 1.48 / 0.79 / 0.45 / 2.05 / 0.25 / 1.29
San Carlo / 3 / 348 / 198 / 179 / 271 / 176 / R / 0.71 / 1.43 / 0.07 / 0.07 / 0.55 / 0.40 / 0.07 / 0.25
Saragolla landrace / 1 / 342 / 170 / null / null / 174 / R / 0.00 / 0.00 / 0.06 / 0.02 / 0.50 / 0.70 / 0.02 / 0.05
Sceptre / 5 / - / 184 / 185 / 271 / 174 / R / 0.95 / 0.00 / 0.06 / 0.14 / 0.60 / 0.55 / 0.25 / 1.01
Semperdur / 2 / 348 / 184 / 179 / 271 / 176 / R / 0.24 / 0.00 / 0.46 / 0.09 / 0.00 / 0.15 / 0.05 / 0.15
Simeto / 3 / 352 / null / 185 / null / 174 / MS / 1.43 / 2.38 / 1.64 / 0.93 / 2.05 / 2.95 / 1.68 / 1.82
Solex / 2 / 348 / 184 / 179 / 271 / 176 / R / 0.00 / 0.00 / 0.10 / 0.04 / 0.50 / 0.10 / 0.17 / 0.38
Svevo / 2 / 348 / 184 / 179 / 271 / 176 / R / 0.00 / 0.48 / 0.11 / 0.09 / 1.40 / 1.95 / 0.15 / 0.26
Tacna / 5 / 352 / null / 185 / null / 176 / S / 1.66 / 2.38 / 1.62 / 1.63 / 3.60 / 3.55 / 1.72 / 1.81
Tetradur / 5 / 348 / 184 / 179 / 271 / 176 / R / 0.24 / 0.83 / 0.80 / 0.05 / 0.85 / 0.25 / 0.09 / 0.08
Topdur / 6 / 348 / 184 / 179 / 271 / 176 / R / 0.00 / 0.00 / 0.81 / 0.06 / 0.70 / 0.00 / 0.01 / 0.09
Trinakria / 1 / - / 162 / 195 / null / 174 / MR / 0.33 / 1.90 / 1.22 / 1.27 / 1.70 / 2.35 / 0.99 / 1.47
Valbelice / 1 / 342 / 166 / null / null / 174 / MS / 1.43 / 1.66 / 1.61 / 1.62 / 1.80 / 2.70 / 1.70 / 1.81
Valforte / 3 / 354 / null / 179 / null / 176 / S / 2.38 / 2.85 / 1.50 / 1.52 / 3.55 / 3.50 / 1.48 / 1.81

(continued)

a: Population structure estimated as as reported in Maccaferri et al. (2005), with the optimum number of subgroups describing the genetic structure of the collection equal to six (Q = 6), as follows: subgroup 1 = accessions belonging to the group of Italian and Mediterranean native germplasm; subgroup 2 = elite accessions from the CIMMYT germplasm (’80; founders: Yavaros 79, Altar 84); subgroup 3 = elite accessions from Italy (founder: Valnova); subgroup 4 = elite accessions from the CIMMYT-ICARDA germplasm (’70-’80; founders: Jabato, Creso); subgroup 5 = elite accessions of North American and French origin; subgroup 6 = elite accessions from Austria.