References for Biomarkers and Residues

The Game Bird Conservancy Trust: Sussex Study.

Fleming W. J. (1981) Recovery of brain and plasma cholinesterase
activities in ducklings exposed to organophosphorus pesticides. Arch.
Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 10, 215-229.
Fleming W. J. and Bradbury S. P. (1981) Recovery of cholinesterase
activity in mallard ducklings administered organophosphorus pesticides. J.
Toxicol. Environ. Health. 8, 885-897.
Fleming W. J. and Grue C. E. (1981) Recovery of cholinesterase activity in
five avian species exposed to dicrotophos, and organophosphorus pesticide.
Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 16, 129-135.

Fowle, C.D.: 1972, ‘Effects of phosphamidon on forest birds in New Brunswick’, Can. Wildl. Serv. Rep. Ser. 16, 1-23.

Gard, N. W. and M. J. Hooper. 1993. Age-dependent changes in plasma and brain cholinesterase activities of Eastern bluebirds and European starlings. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 29:1-7.

Greig-Smith P. W. (1991) Use of cholinesterase measurements in
surveillance of wildlife poisoning in farmland. In
Cholinesterase-inhibiting Insecticides, Their Impact on Wildlife and the
Environment (Edited by Mineau P.), pp. 128-151. Elsevier, New York.

Greig-Smith P. W., Walker C. H. and Thompson H. M. (1992) Ecotoxicological
consequences of interactions between avian esterases and organophosphorus
compounds. In Clinical and Experimental Toxicology of Organophosphate and
Carbamates (Edited by Ballantyne B. and Marrs T. C.), pp. 295-303.
Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., Oxford.
Grue C. E., Hart A. D. M. and Mineau P. (1991) Biological consequences of
depresses brain cholinesterase activity in wildlife. In Cholinesterase-inhibiting Insecticides, Their Impact on Wildlife and the Environment (Edited by Mineau P.), pp. 152-209. Elsevier, New York.

Henderson, J.D., Yamamoto, J.T., Fry, D.M., Seiber, J.N. and B.W. Wilson. 1994. Oral and dermal toxicity of organophosphate pesticides in the domestic pigeon (Columba livia). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 52: 633-640.

Hill, E.F., and Fleming, W.J. 1982. Anticholinesterase poisoning of birds: field monitoring and diagnosis of acute poisoning. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1, 27-38.

Hill, E.F. 1988. Brain cholinesterase activity of apparently normal wild birds. J. Wildl. Dis. 24(1):51-61.

Hill, E.F. 1992. Avian toxicology of anticholinesterases. In Clinical and
Experimental Toxicology of Organophosphates and Carbamates (Edited by
Ballantyne B. and Marrs T. C.), pp. 272-294. Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd.,
Oxford.

Hill, E.F. 2003. Wildlife toxicology of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides. In Handbook
of ecotoxicology. Second edition. D.J. Hoffman, B.A. Rattner, G.A. Burton, Jr., and J.
Cairns, Jr., eds. Lewis Publishers, Washington, D.C. pp.281-312.

Hoffman, D.J. and W.C. Eastin Jr. 1981. Effects of malathion, diazinon, and parathion on mallard embryo development and cholinesterase activity. Environmental Research 26:472-485.

Hoffman, D.J., Sileo, L., and H.C. Murray. 1984. Subchronicorganophosphorus ester-induced delayed neurotoxicity in mallards. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 75:128-136.

Hooper, M.J., Detrich P.J., Weisskopf C.P., and Wilson B.W.: 1989, ‘Organophosphorus insecticide exposure in hawks inhabiting orchards during winter dormant-spraying’, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 42, 651-659.

Ludke J. L., Hill E. F. and Dieter M. P. (1975) Cholinesterase (ChE)
response and related mortality among birds fed ChE inhibitors. Arch.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 83, 1-21.

Newton, I., Wyllie, I., Dale, L. Mortality Causes in British Barn Owls (Tyto alba), Based on 1,101 Carcasses Examined During 1963-1996.

Parsons, K.C., Matz, A.C., Hooper, M.J., and Pokras, M.A. 2000. Monitoring wading bird exposure to agricultural chemicals using serum cholinesterase activity. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1317-1323.

Vyas, N.B., J.W. Spann, C.S. Hulse, J.J. Butterbrodt, J. Mengelkoch, K. MacDougall, B. Williams, and P. Pendergrass. 2003b. Insecticide residues on weathered passerine carcass feet. Environmental Forensics 4:199-203.

Vyas, N.B., J.W. Spann, C.S. Hulse, W. Bauer and S. Olson. 2005. Carbofuran detected on weathered raptor carcass feet. Wildlife Society Bulletin 33:1178-1182.

Wang, G., Edge, W.D. and Wolff, J.O. 2001. Response of bobwhite quail and gray-tailed voles to granular and flowable diazinon applications. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 20:406-411.