Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences s60
BANGALORE, KARNATAKA.
ANNEXURE II
PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR DISSERTATION1 / Name of the Candidate
and Address / VIJAY K PANDYA SRINIVAS COLLEGE OF PHYSIOTHERAPY AND RESEARCH CENTER,
PANDESHWARA,
MANGALORE-575001
2 /
Name of the Institute
/ SRINIVAS COLLEGE OF PHYSIOTHERAPY AND RESEARCH CENTER, MANGALORE.3 /
Course of Study and
Subject / Master of Physiotherapy (MPT)2 years Degree Course.
“Musculoskeletal Disorders and Sports”
4 /
Date of Admission
To Course / O1/07/20115 /
Title of the Topic
/ “PREVALENCE OF LOW BACK PAIN IN PASSENGER AUTO-RICKSHAW DRIVERS OF DAKSHINA KANNADA DISTRICT ”6
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Brief resume of the intended work:
6.1 Need for the study:Occupational disorders are important because they affect a large number of workers. There no internationally accepted definition for the term occupational disease disorders. However, occupational disease or disorders are usually defined as disease/disorders arising out of in the course of employment.1
Musculoskeletal disorders are believed to represent the largest category of work related illness in Britain. Although musculoskeletal disorders are among the most prevalent and symptomatic complaints among workers, occupational medicine lacks measures for certain disorders particularly in early stages.2
Musculoskeletal disorders represent a serious public health problem, being one of the important causes of disability and absenteeism in workers, as well as having various personal,
social and economic impacts.3
The low back is susceptible to injury (pain) because it supports most of the body weight. Prolonged sitting and being sedentary are some of the risk factors to developing low back pain (LBP). Work-related ergonomic and psychosocial factors showed a significant association with LBP in Israeli professional urban bus drivers.4
The low back supports most of the body's weight hence; it is susceptible to injury. Improper sitting for extended periods (i.e. prolonged sitting) and being sedentary have also been found to increase the risk of developing LBP.5
Studies have shown that when a vehicle is in motion the body is subjected to different forces: accelerations and decelerations lateral swaying from side to side, and whole-body up and down vibrations. Also, when the feet are active [i.e. when they are actively being used -the right on the gas (accelerator) pedal, the left on the brake, and in a stick shift also on the clutch], they cannot be used to support and stabilize the lower body as it normally happens when they placed on the floor during normal sitting in a chair. Exposure to vibration is the cause of some occupational injuries and diseases.6
Long hours of driving have been noted to contribute to a herniated disc due to the vibration caused by automobiles. A high risk of developing LBP has been reported among men who drive for at least 4-hours a day.7
It is also believed that excessive periods spent in a poor posture may be contributory to the deterioration of the lower inter-vertebral discs with consequent pain in the low back. Traffic congestion is a phenomenon commonly seen on our roads; this usually leads to the long hours of driving experienced by both commercial and private autorickshaw drivers.8
Because, auto rickshaw are made of very week suspension not like sophisticated pleasure cars, the low back in rickshaw driver are prevalent and still proper evidence is not be found in this respect in India. So the purpose of this study is to find out the prevalence of low back in auto-rickshaw drivers of dakshina kannada district.
6.2 Review of Literature
1. Deborah et al (2010) tried to find the prevalence of LBP among Israeli professional urban bus drivers, and evaluate the association between LBP in drivers and work-related psychosocial and ergonomic risk factors. Professional drivers have been found to be at high risk for developing low back pain. The found that work-related ergonomic and psychosocial factors showed a significant association with LBP in Israeli professional urban bus drivers4
2. Daniel O et al (2007) designed a study to determine and compare the prevalence of LBP in Commercial Motor Drivers (CMD) and Private Automobile Drivers (PAD). Low back pain was a major problem among the respondents; but was experienced more among CMD. The higher prevalence of LBP in CMD was attributed to the length of time spent sitting when driving.1
3. Hulshof CT et al (2006) conducted a study to evaluate process and outcome of a multifaceted occupational health intervention programme on whole body vibration (wbv) in forklit truck drivers. This programme to decrease WBV exposure was partially effective. Significant effects on intermediate objectives were observed. More research on the effectiveness of intervention in the field of WBV is needed.9
4. Chen JC et al (2005) conducted a study to examine low back pain in taxi drivers and its association with prolonged driving and other occupational factors. They have identified that long driving time and several physical and psychosocial factors are associated with high prevalence of low back pain in taxi drivers.3
5. Palmer KT et al (2003) tried to explore the impact of occupational exposure to whole body vibration (WBV) on low back pain (LBP) in the general population and to estimate the burden of LBP attributable to occupational WBV in comparison with that due to occupational lifting. The burden of LBP in Britain from occupational exposure to WBV is smaller than that attributable to lifting at work.10
6. Lyons J et al (2002) had conducted a review of current literature and possible ergonomic controls on the factors contributing to low back pain among professional drivers. It is suggested that professional drivers are at an increased risk for low back pain and injury due to a variety of factors such as whole body vibration, prolonged sitting, awkward postures, lifting and carrying, and psychosocial issues.8
7. Andersson GB et al (1999) explained on a review on Epidemiological features of chronic low-back pain and stated that although the literature is filled with information about the prevalence and incidence of back pain in general, there is less information about chronic back pain, partly because of a lack of agreement about definition. Chronic back pain is sometimes defined as back pain that lasts for longer than 7-12 weeks. Others define it as pain that lasts beyond the expected period of healing, and acknowledge that chronic pain may not have well-defined underlying pathological causes. Others classify frequently recurring back pain as chronic pain since it intermittently affects an individual over a long period. Most national insurance and industrial sources of data include only those individuals in whom symptoms result in loss of days at work or other disability.11
8. Krause N et al (1998) had conducted review of psychosocial job factors, physical workload, and incidence of work-related spinal injury on urban transit operators. they found out that Physical workload and psychosocial job factors both independently predict spinal injury in transit vehicle operators 12
9. Pope MH et al (1998) had conducted on low back pain and whole body vibration to investigators describe their multifaceted approach to the study of the relationship between whole body vibration and low back pain.13
10. Andersson R et al (1992) conducted a study to find out the prevalence of back pain in bus drivers in an urban area of California. They found that, prolonged seating exposure, coupled with the whole body vibration, should be reduced for those recovering from these problems. Vibration attenuating seats and correct ergonomic layout of the cabs may reduce the risks of recurrence. 14
6.3 Objective of the study
To find out the prevalence of low back pain in commercial passenger auto- rickshaw drivers.
Hypothesis:
As this study intends to explore the currently existing status of low back pain prevalence, no hypothesis required.
Material and Methods:
7.1 Source of data :
Male auto-rickshaw drivers in and around Mangalore.
Sampling : Convenient sampling
Sample size: 500
Inclusion Criteria:
· Subjects in the age group of 20-60 years.
· Driving passenger auto for more than one year.
· Having a valid driving license.
Exclusion Criteria
· Recent injuries/ Surgery
· Neurological conditions.
· Any deformities.
· Recent systemic illness
7.2 Method of collection of data:
Procedure:
PART I – Questionnaire Development
Stage 1 – Item Generation:
In this study we will develop questionnaire to find the prevelance of low back pain in the auto drivers by consulting with health care professionals (occupational therapist, physiotherapist, physician). The questions will be related to occupational history, demographic data, symptoms, factors affecting pain and functional activities etc.
Stage 2 – validation:
The questionnaire will be piloted for the purpose of establishing content validity by applying to the expert panel to ensure relevance and clarity of the items.
The questionnaire will be applied to auto drivers focus group to assess the face validity.
Stage 3- Questionnaire finalization:
This questionnaire will be finalized for the application.
PART II - Data collection
500 auto drivers will be selected based on the eligibility criteria. voluntary consent will be taken from the auto drivers. Questionnaire will be applied to the auto drivers and scoring will be done.
Materials to be used:
· Consent form,
· Pen, and pad.
· Questionnaire- A Self administered Questionnaire
B. Body chart
Statistical analysis
Study design: Cross sectional studyTEST: Descriptive statistics
7.3 Does the study require any investigations or interventions to be conducted on patients or other humans or animals? If so please describe briefly.
NO. This study intends only to make the auto drivers to fill a questionnaire to rule out their back pain.
7.4 Has ethical clearance been obtained from your institution in case of 7.3?
YES.
Consent has been taken from the Institute ethical committee.
List of references.
1) Gholam-Hossain Sadri. Risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders in bus drivers. Arch Iranian Med. 2003; vol6: 214 –15.
2) Gyi De, Porter. Musculoskeletal problems and driving in police officers. 1998; Occup. Med. vol. 48: 153-60.
3) Andersson Gb.Epidemiological Features Of Chronic Low-Back Pain. 1999; vol354 (9178):581-85.
4)Debora Alperovitch-Najenson,Yoav S,Youssef Masharawi,Michal Katz-Leurer ,Diana Ushvaev, Leonid Kalichman. Low Back Pain Among Professional Bus Drivers. Ergonomic And Occupational-Psychosocial Risk Factors. IMAJ 2010, vol 12;26-31.
5) I D Cassidy. Assessment of severity in low back pain disorders. Spine.1998; vo9: 204 -208.
6) DO Odebiyi, DC Ogwezi, Boa Adegoke. The Prevalence Of Low Back Pain In Commercial Motor Drivers And Private Automobile Drivers. Nigerian Journal Medical Rehabilitation. 2007; vol 12, No1&2, (20);21-24.
7) A. Hedge. Driving and Low Back Pain. American journal of Rehabilitative Medicine. 2002; vol57 (1): 26 -34.
8) Lyons J. Factors Contributing To Low Back Pain Among Professional Drivers: A Review Of Current Literature And Possible Ergonomic Controls. 2002vol19(1):95-102
9) Hulshof C T, Verbeek JH, Braan IT, Bovenzim, Van Djik . “evaluation of an occupational health intervention programme on whole body vibration in fork lift truck driver.” Occup environ med;2006vol3(7):461-68.
10) Palmer KT, Griffin MJ, Syddall H E, Pannett B. Copper C, Coggon D. The relative importance of whole body vibration and occupational lifting as a risk factor for low back pain. Occup environ med,2003; vol60:715-21.
11) Anderson GB. Epidemiological fracture of chronic low back pain.Lancet.1999; vol354 (9178):581-85.
12) Krause N, Raglend D, Fisher S. Volvo avoided winner in clinical studies psycho social job factors physical work load and incidence of work elated spinal injury a 5 year prospective study of urban transient operators. Spine. 1998; vol 23(23).2507-16.
13) Pope MH, Maqnusson M, Vilder DG. Kappa delta award low back pain and whole body vibration. Clinic Ortho Relat Res, 1998; vol354:241-48.
14) Anderson R. The back pain of bus driver’s prevalence in an urban area of California. spine.1992; vol117 (12):1481-88.
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Signature of the Candidate
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Remarks of the Guide
/Study is feasible conduct and highly standard
11 /Name & Designation of:
11.1 Guide11.2 Signature / DR. KARTHIKEYAN.G
Associate Professor in Physiotherapy
11.3 Co-Guide (If Any)
11.4 Signature / DR. RAMAPRABHU K.R
Associate Professor in Physiotherapy.
11.5 Head of the Department
11.6 Signature
/DR. T.JOSELEY SUNDERRAJ PANDIAN
Associate Professor in Physiotherapy and P.G Coordinator.
12 /12.1 Remarks of Chairman and Principal
12.2 Signature /Accepted by Scientific and Ethical Committee Reviewers
DR.RAMPRASAD.M Principal and Professor in Physiotherapy
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