RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,
BANGALORE, KARNATAKA
PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR DISSERTATION
1. / NAME OF THECANDIDATE
AND ADDRESS / MR.SANDEEP KUMAR
I YEAR M.Sc NURSING
E.T.C.M COLLEGE OF NURSING,
P O BOX NO 4, KOLAR – 563 101.
2. / NAME OF THE
INSTITUTION / E.T.C.M COLLEGE OF NURSING,
P O BOX NO 4, KOLAR – 563 101
3. / COURSE OF
STUDY AND
SUBJECT / DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN
NURSING
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING.
4. / DATE OF
ADMISSION TO
COURSE /
15.07.2011
5. / TITLE OF THE TOPIC / EFFECTIVENESS OF PLANNED TEACHING PROGRAMME ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING IMPORTANCE OF ORGAN DONATION AMONG COMMUNITY PEOPLE.
6. BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK
6.1 NEED FOR THE STUDY
“Organ donation gives those people, who would not otherwise survive, a new chance at life”
- By Katie Dustan, eHow Contributor
Health is the level of functional or metabolic efficiency of a living being. In humans, it is the general condition of person's mind, body and spirit, usually meaning to be free from illness, injury or pain . The World Health Organisation (WHO) defined health in its broader sense in 1946 as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." Although this definition has been subject to controversy, in particular as having a lack of operational value and the problem created by use of the word "complete", it remains the most enduring.1
Organ donationmeans the removal of the tissuesof thehuman bodyfrom a person who has recentlydied, or from a living donor, for the purpose of transplanting. Organs and tissues are removed in a surgical procedure. People of all ages may be organ and tissue donor. At the time of death the organ, tissue or eye recovery agency will make a determination, based on the person's medical social history, of which organs/tissues are suitable for transplantation. Organ donation is the harvesting of an individual's organs after he or she dies for the purpose of transplanting them into another person. Although not as common, certain organs can be removed from a living person and transplanted in another to save or enhance his or her life. In either case, permission from the individual or immediate family is needed to proceed with this procedure.2
Organ donation is the donation of biological tissue or an organ of the human body, from a living or dead person to a living recipient in need of a transplantation. Transplantable organs and tissues are removed in a surgical procedure following a determination, based on the donor's medical and social history, of which are suitable for transplantation. Such procedures are termed allotransplantations, to distinguish them from xenotransplantation, the transfer of animal organs into human bodies.3
One of the main problems with donation is that it requires two people, the donor and their family member. The donor must talk with their family member about their feelings on donation and the family member must decide to respect those feelings when the time comes to make the decision. If this process is not done and most of the time it is not, then nobody gets to use the organs. This process has created a medical crisis in the United States today, and there are many people working together to resolve this problem.4
Organ donations are a matter of life and death to someone. This month marks the 50th year of the successful organ transplantation in the United States. As of last week 87,000 Americans were waiting for organ transplants according to the United Network for organ sharing. In the United States and Puerto Rico, there are 58 Organ Procurement Organizations.5
Studies that have explored the experience of potential donor families have consistently identified special needs of these families, perceived stressors, and barriers to donation and factors that facilitate donation. Researchers have found that most families over whiningly express positive feelings towards their decision to donate their loved ones organs and feel that if offered them comfort at a time of tragic loss.6
Organ transplantation is one of the most spectacular endeavors till date. Medical advances have contributed tremendously to its success ratio and have led to a significant increase in the number oftransplants being performed. But there is shortage for organs and low response to cadaver organ donation. The shortage of organs has been due to the reluctance of many family members to donate due to fear of the surgery causing loss to their health, smaller nuclear families with unmatchable donors and a deceased donor programme that is still to evolve fully. Though the first cadaver organ transplant was conducted nearly five years ago in Karnataka, such donations still remain a sporadic event in the state. Even cricketer Anil Kumble's decision to pledge his organs to society in case ofbrain death has not motivated the programme. There are over 1.5 lakh people in need of kidneys in the country, over one lakh need liver and nearly 50,000 need heart transplant. The researchers own personal experience while working in the clinical setting in which he has seen patients with ESRD waiting for a donor and many a times they die waiting for the donor. All these prompted there searcher to select the present study about common misconceptions involved in organ donation.7
Over 95,000 US patients are currently waiting for an Organ Transplant nearly 4,000 new patients are added to the waiting list each month. Everyday 17 people die while waiting for a transplant of a vital organ such as a heart, liver, kidney, pancreas, lung or bone marrow. Because of the lack of available donors in this Country, 3916 Kidney patients, 1,570 Liver patients, 356 Heart patients, & 245 Lung patients died in 2006 while waiting for life saving organ transplants. Nearly 10 percent of the patients currently waiting for heart transplants are young people under 18 years of age. An estimated 12,000 who die yearly meet the criteria for organ donation, but less than half of that number becomes actual donors.8
In an article argues that certain factors must be considered in order to create a system of organ donation and transplantation that is fair and equitable. First one must look at the various socioeconomic conditions surrounding the current controversy, and determine what means are best suited to resolve the situation. In considering these factors Khauli discusses the racial inequality in organ transplantation. Khauli states that factor other then antigen matching have been cited as attributing to lower rates of transplantation among African-Americans. These factors include: candidate unavailability when kidneys are offered; predominantly white donor pool; and lack of African-American donors.9
In an article seeks to remedy the problems that accompany organ donation and transplantation through an innovative approach. The author seeks to create causes of action which require members of the medical profession to avoid issues of liability by fully recognizing and respecting the rights of organ donors, and organ recipients. One of the causes of action that the author highlights is an action to allow recovery of damages by hospitals against a decedent organ donor’s family where the family members intervene in the organ procurement process. Punitive damages would be available when there is a showing that the interference by the next of kin resulted from racist or other prejudiced motives.10
This article explains some of the methods used in the procurement of solid organs. Some of these methods include donations from: ead or cadaveric sources; living and related donors;living unrelated donors;a systolic cadaveric donors; and other means. However, despite these advances in organ procurement the number of candidates for organ transplants increases each day. No matter what new methods are employed the gap between the number of available organs and the number of patients awaiting transplants seems to widen.11
All major religions accept organ donation in at least some form on either utilitarian grounds (i.e., because of its life-saving capabilities) or deontological grounds (e.g., the right of an individual believer to make his or her own decision). Most religions, among them the Roman Catholic Church, support organ donation on the grounds that it constitutes an act of charity and provides a means of saving a life, although certain bodies, such as the pope's, are not to be used. Some religions impose certain restrictions on the types of organs that may be donated and/or on the means by which organs may be harvested and/or transplanted.[35] For example, Jehovah's Witnesses require that organs be drained of any blood due to their interpretation of the Hebrew Bible/Christian Old Testament as prohibiting blood transfusion, and Muslims require that the donor have provided written consent in advance. A few groups disfavor organ transplantation or donation; notably, these include Shinto and those who follow the customs of the Gypsies.12
6.2 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Review of literature is an important step in the development of a research project. It involves the systemic identification, factors, location scrutiny and summary of written materials that contain information on a research problem.
Review of literature related to the present study is organized under the following headings.
Ø Review of literature related to the prevalence of Organ donation
Ø Review of literature related to the Knowledge of community people regarding organ donation
Ø Review of literature related to the importance of organ donation
Review of literature related to the prevalence of Organ donation
Corneal diseases constitute a significant cause of visual impairment and blindness in the developing world. The number of corneal transplants done is far less than the actual requirement in India. This is largely due to the inadequate number of corneas collected. This is mainly to assess the awareness and perception of 188 first- and second-year nursing students towards eye donation in Bangalore. The majority (96.8%) of students knew that eyes can be donated after death but only 38.2% knew that the ideal time of donation was within 6 hours of death. Nobility in the act of eye donation was the main motivational force for eye donation according to 85.6% of students. Perceived reasons for not pledging eyes by the students were: the unacceptable idea of separating the eyes from the body (67.9%), lack of awareness (42.8%), objection by family members (28.5%), and unsuitability to donate because of health problem (10.7%).13
Due to the large population of orthodox Jews in Israel, organ donation is a controversial issue. The rate of agreement to organ donation is only 45%, which is 50% lower than the rate in most Western countries. The percentage of people who hold an organ donation card in Israel is only 10 percent, in Western countries the rate is 30-40%. As a result, there are about 1,000 Israelis currently on the "waiting list" for organs, and it is estimated that roughly 10% of them die annually, due to a lack of donations.
Yaakov Levi, the director of the Heart Transplant Unit at Sheba Medical Center has called for organs to be allocated first to those who are willing to donate their own organs and have possessed a donor card for several years. About one-third the rate in Western Europe, in large part because of what Health Ministry officials and doctors describe as a widespread impression that Jewish religious law prohibits transplants as a desecration of the body.3
Worldwide, 40,000 organ transplants are performed annually, with very high success rates (90% 1-year graft survival). In the United States, 23,288 organ transplantations were performed in 2008. Renal transplants were the most common, followed by those of the liver, heart, lung, and others, including dual organ, pancreatic, and intestinal transplantation. Over the last several decades, the field of solid organ transplantation (SOT) science and practice has advanced significantly, only to be continually challenged by the risks for infection in SOT recipients.3
Through a population-based study, it was identified the prevalence of people’s willingness to donate their own organs and from their relatives, evaluating associated factors in an adult population. It was also identified their understanding of cerebral death. Cross-sectional study, with people aged 20 yr or older in the urban area of Pelotas, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The instrument used was a structured questionnaire, filled out in individual interviews. Chi-squared and linear trend test were used in the bivariated analysis. Multivariated analysis was conducted according to a hierarchical classification model using Poisson regression. It was considered meaningful the value for p £ 0.05 two-sided. Amid 3159 participants, the prevalence to donate organs was 52%, amongst which 58% had expressed such willingness to a relative. Most respondents (80.1%) would authorize. According to the study, when the peoples had not enough information regarding family member’s donation wishes the rate of willingness to donate organs is lower. Sociodemographic characteristics influence the rate of public willingness to donate organs and campaigns educacional should be directed to improve rates of donation the organs.14
Using 62,643 deceased donors from the United Network for Organ Sharing data from 1994 through 2005, we estimated sex-specific prevalence of donors, age- and sex-specific transplantation rate, and transplantation by organ type, accounting for donor demographic, clinical, and processes of care variables.15