Quarter 2 Benchmark Study Guide ANSWER KEY

  1. List the 5 levels of organization in the body
  1. Cells
  1. Tissue- is made up of a group of cells
  1. Organ- is made up of a group of tissues
  1. Organ system is made up of a group of organs
  1. Organism
  1. What are the three types of muscles in a human muscular system? Identify where each type is found and state whether it is voluntary or involuntary.
  1. Skeletal – found attached to the skeleton - voluntary
  2. Smooth – found lining organs - involuntary
  3. Cardiac – found in the heart - involuntary
  1. The outer surface of your body is covered with epithelial tissue.
  1. The heart, lungs, and the brainare examples of organs in the human body.
  1. What are the two types of joints that connect bones in your skeletal system?

movable and immovable

  1. What is the main purpose of the human skeletal system? To support and protect the body.
  1. Muscles work with pulling action.
  1. Nerve tissue can send signals to your brain.
  1. Muscles are attached to your skeleton by tendons which are primarily made up of

connective tissue.

  1. What are the 3 main functions of the muscular system? How do the muscles perform each function?
  1. Movement- muscular system works with the skeletal system to allow movement
  2. Maintains body temperature – when muscles contract they release heat
  3. Maintains posture – most of the muscles in your body are always a little bit contracted to maintain posture
  1. Why do muscles act in pairs? Muscles work in pairs because they can only pull in one direction.
  1. What part of the skeletal system protects the spinal cord and supports the cranium? The vertebrae
  1. Give at least two examples for each type of movable joint.
  1. Ball-and-socket shoulder and hip bone
  1. Hinge elbow and knee
  1. Pivot wrist and ankle
  1. Gliding back bone and any other joint
  1. Which joint allows the most movement? Ball-and-socket joint
  1. During which period in a human’s life does the humerus stop growing? adolescence
  1. What stimulates muscle growth? Increased physical activity
  1. List the 3 states of matter and give details about its shape and volume.
  1. Solid – Has a fixed volume and fixed shape
  1. Liquid – Has a fixed volume but not a fixed shape
  1. Gas – Has no fixed volume and no fixed shape
  1. Weight is the downward pull on an object due to gravity
  1. What formula is used to find the volume of an object? Length x Width x Height
  1. The basic unit of matter is an atom
  1. A molecule is 2 or more atoms that are combined
  1. If the volume of a container stays the same but the temperature inside the container is raised, then the pressure will increase
  1. How do the atoms and molecules of a solid move? They shake back and forth in place
  1. A metal spoon is used to stir a pot of hot soup. Explain how the spoon is warmed

The spoon is warmed by conduction

  1. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance
  1. What instrument is used to measure temperature? A thermometer
  1. Why do people wear hats and gloves in the winter? Hats and gloves are insulators
  1. The scientific unit for measuring temperature is degrees Celsius.
  1. Heat is a flow of energy caused by temperature differences.
  1. The kinetic theory of matter states that all particles that make up matter move
  1. One calories of energy must be added to 1 gram of water to increase its temperature by 1 degree C.
  1. What is specific heat? Specific heat is the amount of energy needed to raise the

temperature of any substance by 1 degree Celsius

  1. Energy from the Sun reaches the Earth through radiation.
  1. Elements contain only one type of atom.
  1. Why does thermal expansion occur? Thermal expansion occurs because particles

move faster and move farther apart at higher temperatures.

  1. How does radiation transfer energy?

Radiation transfers energy through electromagnetic waves.

  1. How does energy as heat flow? Energy as heat flows from objects with a

warmer temperature to objects with a lower temperature.

  1. Why are there cracks in the concrete of sidewalks?

To allow for thermal expansion in hot weather.

  1. What is the most common element in the universe? Hydrogen
  1. Atoms of an element always have a certain number of protons
  1. How are isotopes of an element different than the regular form of the element? Isotopes of an element have a different number of neutrons and therefore have a different atomic mass
  1. If an atom loses electrons then is becomes a positive ion. If an atom gains electrons it

becomes a negative ion.

  1. What does the nucleus of an atom contain? Protons and neutrons
  1. What does the atomic number of an element tell you? The number of protons in the element
  1. Which elements are the least reactive? Noble gasses most reactive? Reactive metals
  1. Nonmetals are poor conductors of heat.
  1. Fill in the chart for following elements, isotopes, and ions.

Element Name / Atomic Mass / Protons / Neutrons / Electrons
Si / 28 / 14 / 14 / 14
Mg / 24 / 12 / 12 / 12
P – 34 / 34 / 15 / 19 / 15
F – 17 / 17 / 9 / 8 / 9
Na+1 / 23 / 11 / 12 / 22
N-3 / 14 / 7 / 7 / 10

Chemical Interactions Ch. 2

  1. What is the ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms in the compound with the chemical formula

H2O? 2 hydrogen to 1 oxygen 2:1

  1. Describe what happens to the electrons when the atoms form the following
  1. Ionic bonds electrons are being transferred from one atom to another
  1. Covalent bonds electrons are being shared between two nonmetals
  1. Metallic bonds electrons are moving easily among atoms of metals, the electrons are shared equally in all directions.
  1. What parts of atoms form chemical bonds? electrons
  1. What happens to electrons when atoms bond? The electrons are shared or transferred
  1. How do metallic bonds share electrons? Metallic bonds share electrons loosely and can move easily among atoms of metals
  1. What determines the properties of a compound? The atoms of the elements and how they are arranged
  1. What makes metals easy to form into different shapes? Metals form into different shapes because electrons move easily among metal atoms.
  1. How can elements be found in different forms? Elements can be found in different forms because of the different bonds they form between the atoms.
  1. Describe what is happening with the electrons in a polar covalent bond. The electrons in a polar covalent bond are shared unequally.
  1. A compound dissolves easily in water and the solution conducts electricity. What type of compound is

it? An ionic compound

  1. In an oxygen O2molecule one atom is joined to another by a covalent bond.
  1. What are ionic bonds? Ionic bond are chemical bonds that form from the attraction of negative and positive ions.
  1. The chemical formula for methane is CH4. The chemical formula for propane is C3H8. What can you tell for sure about these compounds? What is probably true about the properties of these compounds?

Methane is a compound made of one atom of carbon and four atoms of hydrogen. Propane is a compound made of three atoms of carbon and eight atoms of hydrogen. The properties of the compounds differ from one another, and differ from the properties of the elements that make up each compound.

  1. Fill in the table to contrast ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds.

What types of elements share each type of bond? / What happens to electrons that form the bond?
Ionic Bonds / Metal and nonmetal / Electrons are transferred
Covalent Bonds / Nonmetals / Electrons are shared
Metallic Bonds / Metals / Electrons are shared equally in all directions