Psychology, A Journey 3e Objectives Chapter 11
OBJECTIVE 11.1 — Define the terms health psychology andbehavioral medicine; give examples of lifestyle diseases and behavioral risk factors; describe the disease-prone personality and how an unhealthy lifestyle often creates multiple risks; and explain how health psychologists treat and prevent lifestyle diseases and encourage people to follow nine health-promoting behaviors.
OBJECTIVE 11.2 —Describe the impact of smoking on illness and death and the approaches that have been used to prevent or lessen the risk, such as school-based prevention programs, refusal-skills training, life skills training, community health programs, and role models; and define wellness and list the characteristics of people who attain optimal wellness.
OBJECTIVE 11.3 — Define the terms stress, eustress, and stress reaction; discuss the effects of short term stresses and the impact of long terms stresses by explaining the three stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome; describe how prolonged stress effects the immune system, including the field of study called psychoneuroimmunology, and how reducing stress can actually boost immune system functioning.
OBJECTIVE 11.4 — List several aspects of stress that make it more intense and damaging; define the terms stressor, pressure, and burnout; and describe the three aspects of burnout, why it tends to be a problem in helping professions, and ways that it can be reduced.
OBJECTIVE 11.5 — Give an example of how primary and secondary appraisal are used in coping with a threatening situation; and explain how the perception of control of a stressor influences the amount of threat felt.
OBJECTIVE 11.6 — Differentiate problem-focused coping from emotion-focused coping; explain how they may help or hinder each other; and describe the impact of traumatic stress and ways to cope with reactions to severe stress.
OBJECTIVE 11.7 — Define frustration and make a distinction between external and personal sources of frustration and whether the external obstacles are social or non-social; list factors that tend to increase frustration; describe the five common reactions to frustration (Fig. 11.4), including how displaced aggression can result in scapegoating; explain how a stereotyped response to frustration differs from persistence; and discuss three effective ways to avoid frustration.
OBJECTIVE 11.8 — Describe and give examples of each of the following types of conflict: a. approach-approach; b. avoidance-avoidance; c. approach-avoidance, including the terms ambivalence and partial approach; d. double approach-avoidance, including the term vacillation; and e. multiple approach-avoidance; and discuss four strategies for coping with conflict.
OBJECTIVE 11.9 — Define the term defense mechanism; discuss the positive and negative effects of defense mechanisms; and describe the following defense mechanisms and give examples of each (Table 11.3): a. compensation; b. denial; c. fantasy; d. identification; e. intellectualization; f. isolation; g. projection; h. rationalization; i. reaction formation; j. regression; k. repression; and l. sublimationa.
OBJECTIVE 11.10 — Describe the development of learned helplessness, how attributions affect helplessness, the similarities between learned helplessness and depression, and the effects of hope and mastery training in reducing it; and discuss the problems that contribute to depression among college students, how to recognize depression, and ways to cope with depression effectively.
OBJECTIVE 11.11 — Discuss the relationship between life changes and long-term health; describe the SRRS; and explain how hassles (microstressors) are related to immediate health and how acculturative stress can cause problems.
OBJECTIVE 11.12 — Distinguish between psychosomatic disorders and hypochondria; list the causes of psychosomatic disorders; and briefly discuss biofeedback in terms of the process involved and its possible applications.
OBJECTIVE 11.13 — Differentiate between Type A and Type B personalities; list ways Type A personalities can reduce their feelings of hostility; and describe the hardy personality, including how this personality views the world and how happiness is related to hardiness.
OBJECTIVE 11.14 — Define the term stress management; describe the College Life Stress Inventory; list three responses that are triggered by stress; and discuss
the stress management techniques that can be used to diminish or break the cycle of these stress responses.
OBJECTIVE 11.15 — Define sexually-transmitted disease (STDs) and list examples, including a discussion of the transmission of HIV/AIDS; and describe the behavioral risk factors associated with STDs and safer sex practices to combat the spread of STDs.