Chapter 1Introduction to Physiological Principles
Principles of Animal Physiology, 2e (Moyes/Schulte)
1
1)
1
An explosion in physiological research occurred in the 1960s because
1
A)
1
there was an increase in the number of physiologists.
1
B)
1
physiologists in one specialty worked only with each other, concentrating their knowledge.
1
C)
1
physiologists began focusing on local species, rather than trying to study organisms from many areas.
1
D)
1
all of the above
1
Answer:
1
D
1
Page Ref: 2
1
2)
1
The Alpha Helix was an oceanic vessel that was named
1
A)
1
because it was the first vessel to have helical mobility.
1
B)
1
because it was the first vessel to be able to circle the globe.
1
C)
1
because it had the ability to isolate DNA onboard.
1
D)
1
after the model for DNA structure.
1
Answer:
1
D
1
Page Ref: 3
1
3)
1
Animal physiology is the study of
1
A)
1
how structures allow animals to function.
1
B)
1
the chemical reactions found in animals.
1
C)
1
the genetic lineage seen in the evolution of animals.
1
D)
1
migratory patterns of animals.
1
Answer:
1
A
1
Page Ref: 4
1
4)
1
One theme in physiology states that the physiology of an animal is part of its ______, which is based on its ______and environmental influences.
1
A)
1
genotype; ancestry
1
B)
1
phenotype; genotype
1
C)
1
ancestry; phenotype
1
D)
1
phenotype; diet
1
Answer:
1
B
1
Page Ref: 4
1
5)
1
Which of the following statements is true about phenotype?
1
A)
1
After an initial development period, phenotype of an organism is static.
1
B)
1
Phenotype is affected by organization at the biochemical level only.
1
C)
1
Altering phenotype allows an organism to change its physiological response.
1
D)
1
Genotype may influence phenotype, but phenotype never affects genotype.
1
Answer:
1
C
1
Page Ref: 4
1
6)
1
The first person to carry out well-designed and careful experiments relating to body functions was
1
A)
1
Hippocrates.
1
B)
1
Aristotle.
1
C)
1
Galen
1
D)
1
Ibn al-Nafis.
1
Answer:
1
C
1
Page Ref: 5
1
7)
1
When Galen tied off the laryngeal nerve of a pig and it stopped squealing, he concluded that
1
A)
1
the laryngeal nerve generated sound.
1
B)
1
the brain and nerves control the voice.
1
C)
1
the laryngeal nerve allowed perception of pain.
1
D)
1
the laryngeal nerve controlled the pig's ability to breathe.
1
Answer:
1
B
1
Page Ref: 5
1
8)
1
One of the contributions of Andreas Vesalius to physiological study was
1
A)
1
demonstrating that Galen's work contained many flaws.
1
B)
1
authoring the first physiological text.
1
C)
1
reviewing the current knowledge of health and disease.
1
D)
1
discovering that the lungs allow the blood to receive oxygen.
1
Answer:
1
A
1
Page Ref: 5
1
9)
1
Scientists studying physiology before the 1700s believed that it was based on
1
A)
1
chemical reactions only.
1
B)
1
physical reactions only.
1
C)
1
either chemical or physical reactions (but not both).
1
D)
1
both chemical and physical reactions.
1
Answer:
1
C
1
Page Ref: 5
1
10)
1
The "cell theory" proposed by Schleiden and Schwann states
1
A)
1
organisms are made of units, or cells.
1
B)
1
organs are joined together to form cells.
1
C)
1
only organisms that contain multiple cells can evolve.
1
D)
1
the cell is the basis of physiology.
1
Answer:
1
A
1
Page Ref: 5
1
11)
1
Per Scholander, one of the first ______physiologists, looked at diving mechanisms, warm-blooded responses to cold environments, and fish swim bladders.
1
A)
1
invertebrate
1
B)
1
human
1
C)
1
comparative
1
D)
1
ecological
1
Answer:
1
C
1
Page Ref: 6
1
12)
1
______discovered central pattern generators.
1
A)
1
C. Ladd Prosser
1
B)
1
Knut Schmidt-Nielsen
1
C)
1
George Bartholomew
1
D)
1
George Somero
1
Answer:
1
A
1
Page Ref: 6
1
13)
1
A respiratory physiologist is an example of a/an
1
A)
1
cell and molecular physiologist.
1
B)
1
systems physiologist.
1
C)
1
organismal physiologist.
1
D)
1
ecological physiologist.
1
Answer:
1
B
1
Page Ref: 6
1
14)
1
Physiologists who study the interaction between an organism's unique physiology and its species or population are called
1
A)
1
systems physiologists.
1
B)
1
ecological physiologists.
1
C)
1
integrative physiologists.
1
D)
1
organismal physiologists.
1
Answer:
1
B
1
Page Ref: 8
1
15)
1
One approach, known as ______, says that we can learn about one level of organization by studying the functions at the level below it.
1
A)
1
reductionism
1
B)
1
emergence
1
C)
1
systematics
1
D)
1
bioinformatics
1
Answer:
1
A
1
Page Ref: 8
1
16)
1
A/an ______physiologist studies how an individual organism alters its physiology in response to environmental challenges.
1
A)
1
developmental
1
B)
1
evolutionary
1
C)
1
environmental
1
D)
1
organismal
1
Answer:
1
C
1
Page Ref: 8
1
17)
1
An individual who studies veterinary medicine falls into the category of a(n) ______physiologist.
1
A)
1
medical
1
B)
1
comparative
1
C)
1
systems
1
D)
1
applied
1
Answer:
1
D
1
Page Ref: 8
1
18)
1
Which of the following is an example of how chemical laws affect physiology?
1
A)
1
An organism is able to jump higher based on the attachment point of its muscles to its skeleton.
1
B)
1
An increase in pressure difference will increase the flow through a system.
1
C)
1
An increase in pH (fewer H+) will change the interaction of bonds holding proteins together.
1
D)
1
There are no examples because chemical laws have no effect on physiology.
1
Answer:
1
C
1
Page Ref: 10
1
19)
1
Which of the following statements about electrical gradients is correct?
1
A)
1
They can be generated by moving ions across a membrane.
1
B)
1
They are used to drive other processes in organisms.
1
C)
1
Neurons use changes in electrical gradients to send signals.
1
D)
1
all of the above
1
Answer:
1
D
1
Page Ref: 11
1
20)
1
Surface area to volume ratio influences thermal physiology such that
1
A)
1
small animals have a higher surface area to volume ratio, decreasing heat loss.
1
B)
1
small animals have a lower surface area to volume ratio, decreasing heat loss.
1
C)
1
small animals have a higher surface area to volume ratio, increasing heat loss.
1
D)
1
small animals have a lower surface area to volume ratio, increasing heat loss.
1
Answer:
1
C
1
Page Ref: 11
1
21)
1
Max Rubner's work suggesting that the scaling coefficient for metabolic rate should be 2/3 is based on
1
A)
1
relationships between surface area and volume.
1
B)
1
relationships between body mass and volume.
1
C)
1
relationships between volume and metabolism.
1
D)
1
relationships between metabolism and activity of the animal.
1
Answer:
1
A
1
Page Ref: 11
1
22)
1
Which of the following statements about conformers and regulators is correct?
1
A)
1
In a conformer, internal conditions mimic external changes.
1
B)
1
In a regulator, internal conditions regulate external changes.
1
C)
1
An organism could be a thermo-conformer and an ionoregulator.
1
D)
1
both A and C
1
Answer:
1
D
1
Page Ref: 12
1
23)
1
Being a conformer is beneficial because
1
A)
1
it's possible to maintain a stable environment.
1
B)
1
it consumes less energy than being a regulator.
1
C)
1
it allows an organism to live in a wide range of environments that differ from its internal environment.
1
D)
1
all of the above
1
Answer:
1
B
1
Page Ref: 12
1
24)
1
Maintaining homeostasis relies on
1
A)
1
short-term behavioral changes.
1
B)
1
short-term physiological changes.
1
C)
1
long term strategies.
1
D)
1
all of the above
1
Answer:
1
D
1
Page Ref: 12
1
25)
1
Growing and shedding fur is an example of a physiological change following a
1
A)
1
seasonal cycle.
1
B)
1
circadian rhythm.
1
C)
1
lunar cycle.
1
D)
1
diurnal cycle.
1
Answer:
1
A
1
Page Ref: 12
1
26)
1
When maintaining homeostasis, it is important to do all of the following EXCEPT
1
A)
1
detect external conditions.
1
B)
1
control external conditions.
1
C)
1
generate compensatory responses to the changes.
1
D)
1
protect vital areas from damaging changes.
1
Answer:
1
B
1
Page Ref: 12-13
1
27)
1
The set point in a feedback loop is
1
A)
1
the point at which the stimulus no longer is required.
1
B)
1
the point at which the (effector) organ or gland starts to change the environment.
1
C)
1
a range of values for a parameter that the body tries to maintain.
1
D)
1
the last step of a series of changes before the body is "set."
1
Answer:
1
C
1
Page Ref: 13
1
28)
1
______is/are an example of positive feedback loop control.
1
A)
1
Vomiting
1
B)
1
Maintaining internal body temperature
1
C)
1
Plasma glucose levels
1
D)
1
Eating when hungry
1
Answer:
1
A
1
Page Ref: 13
1
29)
1
The phenotypic expression of a genotype can be altered by
1
A)
1
developmental processes.
1
B)
1
environmental conditions.
1
C)
1
physiological conditions.
1
D)
1
all of the above
1
Answer:
1
D
1
Page Ref: 13-14
1
30)
1
Polyphenism is a type of phenotypic plasticity that
1
A)
1
can be easily reversed when necessary.
1
B)
1
occurs only when adults are exposed to certain environmental factors.
1
C)
1
is also called developmental plasticity.
1
D)
1
all of the above
1
Answer:
1
C
1
Page Ref: 14
1
31)
1
Acclimatization is a term referring to
1
A)
1
irreversible changes in phenotype due to natural environmental variation.
1
B)
1
irreversible changes in phenotype due to controlled environmental change.
1
C)
1
reversible changes in phenotype due to natural environmental variation.
1
D)
1
reversible changes in phenotype due to controlled environmental change.
1
Answer:
1
C
1
Page Ref: 14
1
32)
1
The proximate cause of an organism's unique characteristic can be answered by
1
A)
1
studying the animals lineage.
1
B)
1
looking for evolutionary advantages of the characteristic.
1
C)
1
identifying the genes that regulate the characteristic.
1
D)
1
both A and B
1
Answer:
1
C
1
Page Ref: 15
1
33)
1
The term adaptation most commonly refers to
1
A)
1
changes within an individual that are irreversible.
1
B)
1
changes within an individual that are reversible.
1
C)
1
changes within a population seen over time.
1
D)
1
changes within an individual that cannot be inherited.
1
Answer:
1
C
1
Page Ref: 15
1
34)
1
Adaptation can change the genetic composition of a population because
1
A)
1
environmental stressors favor survival of certain genotypes.
1
B)
1
individuals possessing favorable genes tend to produce more offspring.
1
C)
1
genes are passed on only if offspring are produced.
1
D)
1
all of the above
1
Answer:
1
D
1
Page Ref: 15
1
35)
1
Genetic drift is most likely to occur
1
A)
1
due to differences in "fitness" of individuals.
1
B)
1
in large populations.
1
C)
1
when a large portion of the population is killed, regardless of genetics.
1
D)
1
in ocean populations where genes can drift between individuals.
1
Answer:
1
C
1
Page Ref: 16
1
36)
1
Organisms that are closely related to each other will
1
A)
1
share some features with all other organisms.
1
B)
1
share some features only with organisms from this same group.
1
C)
1
have no features in common with any other organism.
1
D)
1
both A and B
1
Answer:
1
D
1
Page Ref: 16
1
37)
1
Physiological processes function separately from physical and chemical laws.
1
Answer:
1
FALSE
1
Page Ref: 4
1
38)
1
Phenotype of an organism is based solely on genotype.
1
Answer:
1
FALSE
1
Page Ref: 4
1
39)
1
Some of the first physiological experiments occurred in the mid-100s.
1
Answer:
1
TRUE
1
Page Ref: 5
1
40)
1
Most of the experiments before the 20th century were performed on animals in hopes of gaining knowledge about human physiology.
1
Answer:
1
TRUE
1
Page Ref: 5
1
41)
1
Emergence says that studying individual parts of a system allows one to clearly predict how the system as a whole will function.
1
Answer:
1
FALSE
1
Page Ref: 8
1
42)
1
The research done by a comparative physiologist is done with a (very specific) practical goal in mind.
1
Answer:
1
FALSE
1
Page Ref: 8
1
43)
1
The mechanical properties of tissue are dependent on the biological molecules from which it is made.
1
Answer:
1
TRUE
1
Page Ref: 10
1
44)
1
Surface area to volume ratios remain constant, regardless of body size.
1
Answer:
1
FALSE
1
Page Ref: 11
1
45)
1
Metabolic rates are proportional to body mass.
1
Answer:
1
FALSE
1
Page Ref: 11
1
46)
1
Organisms that are capable of homeostasis keep everything in their internal environment constant at all times.
1
Answer:
1
FALSE
1
Page Ref: 12
1
47)
1
Many cyclical physiological changes are triggered by environmental cues.
1
Answer:
1
TRUE
1
Page Ref: 12
1
48)
1
Positive feedback loops maintain a variable within its set point range.
1
Answer:
1
FALSE
1
Page Ref: 13
1
49)
1
Water fleas (Daphnia pulex) produce either long or short spiky tails depending on the presence of predators in their environment. This is an example of polyphenism.
1
Answer:
1
TRUE
1
Page Ref: 14
1
50)
1
The terms adaptation and acclimation can always be used interchangeably.
1
Answer:
1
FALSE
1
Page Ref: 15
1
51)
1
Adaptation is always beneficial to an individual, even if the environmental cause for the change is no longer present.
1
Answer:
1
FALSE
1
Page Ref: 15
1
52)
1
Evolution can occur if a population is able to maintain identical genotypes.
1
Answer:
1
FALSE
1
Page Ref: 16
1
53)
1
Feedback loops maintain the internal environment in an acceptable state, or ______.
1
Answer:
1
homeostasis
1
Page Ref: 4
1
54)
1
______is known as the father of medicine.
1
Answer:
1
Hippocrates
1
Page Ref: 4
1
55)
1
Claude Bernard proposed the concept of ______: organisms maintain an internal environment, even when the external environment changes.
1
Answer:
1
milieu interieur
1
Page Ref: 5
1
56)
1
The scientist ______studied the adaptations of animals living in harsh or unusual conditions, such as the camel.
1
Answer:
1
Schmidt-Nielsen
1
Page Ref: 6
1
57)
1
A ______physiologist studies how an organism's structures and functions change throughout life.
1
Answer:
1
developmental
1
Page Ref: 8
1
58)
1
A ______physiologist studies pressure gradients, flow, and resistance in the heart and blood vessels.
1
Answer:
1
cardiovascular
1
Page Ref: 11
1
59)
1
Max Kleiber used data on body mass and metabolic rate to generate the ______equation.
1
Answer:
1
allometric scaling
1
Page Ref: 11
1
60)
1
An organism that maintains its internal environment regardless of changes in the external environment is called a ______.
1
Answer:
1
regulator
1
Page Ref: 12
1
61)
1
Physiological processes that change in a predictable pattern on a daily basis are said to follow a ______.
1
Answer:
1
circadian rhythm
1
Page Ref: 12
1
62)
1
Factors that generate opposite effects on a pathway are termed ______.
1
Answer:
1
antagonistic controls
1
Page Ref: 13
1
63)
1
Glucose levels in the blood are maintained by the antagonistic hormones glucagon and ______.
1
Answer:
1
insulin
1
Page Ref: 13
1
64)
1
The genetic makeup of an organism, the ______, can be expressed in a variety of ways and has major effects on physiological traits.
1
Answer:
1
genotype
1
Page Ref: 13
1
65)
1
Environmental factors can cause ______, or a range of phenotypes from a single genotype.
1
Answer:
1
phenotypic plasticity
1
Page Ref: 14
1
66)
1
An animal that undergoes physiological changes caused by an experimentor regulating environmental variables is said to have ______.
1
Answer:
1
acclimated
1
Page Ref: 14
1
67)
1
______of a population occurs when environmental stressors favor survival of certain genotypes, leading to their increased levels of reproduction.
1
Answer:
1
Adaptation
1
Page Ref: 15
1
68)
1
When a large portion of a population is wiped out and the genetic base is rebuilt from a small group of individuals, then the ______, a type of genetic drift, may result.
1
Answer:
1
founder effect
1
Page Ref: 16
1
69)
1
Describe some of the factors that led to an explosion of physiological research in the 1960s.
1
Answer:
1
Increased numbers of scientists, improved technology, and ease of travel led to an increase in the number of interactions and types of experiments, thus increasing scientific discovery. These interactions also included individuals from a number of different disciplines coming together to work on a single problem.
1
Page Ref: 2-3
1
70)
1
Why was Vesalius's work, which disproved some of Galen's earlier experiments, so important?
1
Answer:
1
In any scientific research it is important to have reproducibility. In the case of Galen, his work was so renowned that no one questioned his results. Once some of the work was shown to be incorrect, it opened the door for further research on physiological subjects.
1
Page Ref: 5
1
71)
1
Explain how a cell and molecular physiologist can be a developmental and applied physiologist as well.
1
Answer:
1
There are a number of ways to categorize the work that physiologists do. It can be divided by level of organization, processes, or the type of science (pure vs. applied). In this case a physiologist could study the process of development at the cell and molecular level with the purpose of preventing birth defects.
1
Page Ref: 6-9
1
72)
1
Explain why it is important to understand chemistry and physics before studying physiology. Be sure to include some examples.
1
Answer:
1
Physiology follows the laws of chemistry and physics. Just because an ion is diffusing in a physiological system does not mean it will not interact with other ions or form chemical bonds. Understanding that fluids flow from areas of high to low pressure helps one understand the cardiovascular system as well.
1
Page Ref: 10-11
1
73)
1
How does an organism's body determine whether to utilize short-term or long-term strategies for maintaining homeostasis?
1
Answer:
1
It always costs energy to maintain an internal environment that may differ from the external environment. The key question is cost versus benefit. If the difference will last a long time, it will be beneficial to invest more resources early on, which will allow the organism to maintain other functions (e.g. growing fur in winter). On the other hand, if it is a short-term difference (e.g. hot sun at noon), then less expensive measures may be more appropriate.
1
Page Ref: 12
1
74)
1
How is it possible for a single genotype to generate a broad range of phenotypes?
1
Answer:
1
Organisms may have identical genotypes, but depending on their environment, expression of some genes may be more beneficial than others. Thus, environmental factors can regulate which genes are expressed at any one point in time, allowing for different phenotypes (physical expression), from a single set of genes.
1
Page Ref: 13-14
1
75)
1
Explain why a certain mutation in a genome may not continue to be beneficial after an environmental stressor is removed.
1
Answer:
1
Expression of certain genes always contains certain costs and benefits. In some cases, expression of a mutated gene may be very costly in some aspects. However, if this mutation allows for survival and reproduction, the benefit outweighs the cost. On the other hand if the environmental stressor is removed, the cost may exceed the benefit. Those individuals with the mutation now lose the advantage because they are "spending" resources on a useless protein rather than one of current benefit.
1
Page Ref: 15
1