President:Victor A. Pirak Seattle Police Department

607thBasicLawEnforcementAcademy – March 14, 2007 through July 19, 2007

President:Victor A. Pirak – Seattle Police Department

Best Overall:Ross A. Adams – Lynnwood Police Department

Best Academic:Ross A. Adams – Lynnwood Police Department

Best Firearms:Ross A. Adams – Lynnwood Police Department

Tac Officer:Deputy Seth Grant – King County Sheriff's Office

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september 2007 LED TABLE OF CONTENTS

U.S. SUPREME COURT...... 2

OFFICER SAFETY CONCERNS DURING SEARCH WARRANT EXECUTION JUSTIFIED HOLDING TWO UNKNOWN, UNCLOTHED ADULT RESIDENTS STANDING AT GUNPOINT FOR A FEW MINUTES

L.A. County v. Rettele, 127 S.Ct. 1989 (2007)...... 2

WASHINGTON STATE SUPREME COURT...... 4

WASHINGTON CONSTITUTIONAL STANDARD FOR CHALLENGES TO AFFIANT MISSTATEMENTS OR OMISSIONS IS SAME AS FEDERAL STANDARD; ALSO, PROBABLE CAUSE AFFIDAVIT HELD TO ESTABLISH CREDIBILITY OF INFORMANT WHO WAS NAMED AND WHO GAVE STATEMENT AGAINST HIS PENAL INTEREST

State v. Chenoweth, 160 Wn.2d 454 (2007)...... 4

JUDGE WHO ISSUED SEARCH WARRANT LAWFULLY REVIEWED WARRANT IN SUPPRESSION HEARING; ALSO, INFORMATION GIVEN AGAINST PENAL INTEREST HELPS ESTABLISH CREDIBILITY OF INFORMANT IN PROBABLE CAUSE AFFIDAVIT

State v. Chamberlin, ___ Wn.2d ___, 162 P.3d 389 (2007)...... 8

PRETEXT STOP ARGUMENT IS REJECTED BY UNANIMOUS COURT

State v. Nichols, ___ Wn.2d___, ___ P.3d ___, 2007 WL 2051542 (2007)...... 10

BRIEF NOTE FROM THE WASHINGTON STATE SUPREME COURT...... 14

SEVENTEEN-YEAR-OLD QUESTIONED ABOUT HER INFANT SON’S DEATH IN INTERROGATION ROOM FOR OVER 90 MINUTES WITH FATHER EXCLUDED FROM ROOM WAS IN “CUSTODY” FOR MIRANDA PURPOSES

State v. Daniels, 160 Wn.2d 256 (2007)...... 14

WASHINGTON STATE COURT OF APPEALS...... 17

BICYCLING AT NIGHT REQUIRES LIGHT AND REFLECTOR EVEN IF RIDING ON SIDEWALK; RESIDUE OF METHAMPHETAMINE SUPPORTS POSSESSION CONVICTION

State v. Rowell, ___ Wn. App. ___, 158 P.3d 1248 (Div. III, 2007) ...... 17

RESERVE UNDERCOVER OFFICER’S EXTRATERRITORIAL TAPING OF CONVERSATION IN DRUG DEALER’S HOME HELD OK AGAINST CHALLENGES BASED ON (1) WASHINGTON CONSTITUTIONAL PRIVACY PROTECTION, (2) CHAPTER 9.73 RCW, AND (3) CHAPTER 10.93 RCW

State v. Barron, ___ Wn. App. ___, 160 P.3d 1077 (Div. I, 2007) ...... 19

BRIEF NOTES FROM THE WASHINGTON STATE COURT OF APPEALS...... 23

CONSENT DEFENSE IS NOT ALLOWED FOR ASSAULT OCCURRING IN PRISON

State v. Weber, 137 Wn. App. 852 (Div. III, 2007)...... 23

WHERE DEFENDANT OBTAINED DOCTOR’S DOCUMENTATION ONE DAY AFTER POLICE SEIZED HIS MARIJUANA PLANTS, BUT BEFORE HE TALKED TO POLICE, HE HAD VALID DEFENSE UNDER MEDICAL MARIJUANA ACT

State v. Hanson, ___ Wn. App. ___, 157 P.3d 438 (Div. III, 2007)...... 24

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UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT

OFFICER SAFETY CONCERNS DURING SEARCH WARRANT EXECUTION JUSTIFIED HOLDING TWO UNKNOWN, UNCLOTHED ADULT RESIDENTS STANDING AT GUNPOINT FOR A FEW MINUTES

L.A. County v. Rettele, 127 S.Ct. 1989 (2007)

Facts and Proceedings below (Excerpted from introductory paragraph of U.S. Supreme Court opinion)

Deputies of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department obtained a valid warrant to search a house, but they were unaware that the suspects being sought had moved out three months earlier. [LED EDITORIAL NOTE: The suspects were four African-Americans, one of whom was known to own a 9 millimeter Glock handgun.] When the deputies searched the house, they found in a bedroom two residents [Mr. Rettele and Ms. Sadler] who were of a different race than the suspects. The deputies ordered these innocent residents, who had been sleeping unclothed, out of bed. The deputies required them to stand for a few minutes before allowing them to dress.

The residents brought suit under [the federal civil rights act], naming the deputies and other parties and accusing them of violating the Fourth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures. The District Court granted summary judgment to all named defendants. The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit reversed, concluding both that the deputies violated the Fourth Amendment and that they were not entitled to qualified immunity because a reasonable deputy would have stopped the search upon discovering that respondents were of a different race than the suspects and because a reasonable deputy would not have ordered respondents from their bed.

ISSUE AND RULING: Did officer safety concerns objectively justify the officers’ detentions of the two Caucasian adults naked and standing at gunpoint for a few minutes? (ANSWER: Yes, rules a U.S. Supreme Court in an opinion signed by eight Justices; Justice Stevens does not join the other eight Justices, stating that he would have denied review of the Ninth Circuit decision).

Result: Reversal of decision of the Ninth Circuit, U.S. Court of Appeals, and reinstatement of U.S. District Court ruling granting summary judgment to the government defendants.

ANALYSIS: (Excerpted from Supreme Court opinion)

Because [Mr. Rettele and Ms. Sadler] were of a different race than the suspects the deputies were seeking, the Court of Appeals held that “[a]fter taking one look at [Mr. Rettele and Ms. Sadler], the deputies should have realized that [Mr. Rettele and Ms. Sadler] were not the subjects of the search warrant and did not pose a threat to the deputies' safety.” We need not pause long in rejecting this unsound proposition. When the deputies ordered Mr. Rettele and Ms. Sadler from their bed, they had no way of knowing whether the African-American suspects were elsewhere in the house. The presence of some Caucasians in the residence did not eliminate the possibility that the suspects lived there as well. As the deputies stated in their affidavits, it is not uncommon in our society for people of different races to live together. Just as people of different races live and work together, so too might they engage in joint criminal activity. The deputies, who were searching a house where they believed a suspect might be armed, possessed authority to secure the premises before deciding whether to continue with the search.

In Michigan v. Summers, 452 U.S. 692 (1981), this Court held that officers executing a search warrant for contraband may “detain the occupants of the premises while a proper search is conducted.” In weighing whether the search in Summers was reasonable the Court first found that “detention represents only an incremental intrusion on personal liberty when the search of a home has been authorized by a valid warrant.” Against that interest, it balanced “preventing flight in the event that incriminating evidence is found”; “minimizing the risk of harm to the officers”; and facilitating “the orderly completion of the search.” See Muehler v. Mena, 544 U.S. 93 (2005) [May 05 LED:02].

In executing a search warrant officers may take reasonable action to secure the premises and to ensure their own safety and the efficacy of the search. The test of reasonableness under the Fourth Amendment is an objective one. Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386 (1989). Unreasonable actions include the use of excessive force or restraints that cause unnecessary pain or are imposed for a prolonged and unnecessary period of time.

The orders by the police to the occupants, in the context of this lawful search, were permissible, and perhaps necessary, to protect the safety of the deputies. Blankets and bedding can conceal a weapon, and one of the suspects was known to own a firearm, factors which underscore this point. The Constitution does not require an officer to ignore the possibility that an armed suspect may sleep with a weapon within reach. The reports are replete with accounts of suspects sleeping close to weapons.

The deputies needed a moment to secure the room and ensure that other persons were not close by or did not present a danger. Deputies were not required to turn their backs to allow Rettele and Sadler to retrieve clothing or to cover themselves with the sheets. Rather, “[t]he risk of harm to both the police and the occupants is minimized if the officers routinely exercise unquestioned command of the situation.”

This is not to say, of course, that the deputies were free to force Rettele and Sadler to remain motionless and standing for any longer than necessary. We have recognized that “special circumstances, or possibly a prolonged detention” might render a search unreasonable. There is no accusation that the detention here was prolonged. The deputies left the home less than 15 minutes after arriving. The detention was shorter and less restrictive than the 2- to 3-hour handcuff detention upheld in Mena. And there is no allegation that the deputies prevented Sadler and Rettele from dressing longer than necessary to protect their safety. Sadler was unclothed for no more than two minutes, and Rettele for only slightly more time than that. Sadler testified that once the police were satisfied that no immediate threat was presented, “they wanted us to get dressed and they were pressing us really fast to hurry up and get some clothes on.”

The Fourth Amendment allows warrants to issue on probable cause, a standard well short of absolute certainty. Valid warrants will issue to search the innocent, and people like Rettele and Sadler unfortunately bear the cost. Officers executing search warrants on occasion enter a house when residents are engaged in private activity; and the resulting frustration, embarrassment, and humiliation may be real, as was true here. When officers execute a valid warrant and act in a reasonable manner to protect themselves from harm, however, the Fourth Amendment is not violated.

As respondents' constitutional rights were not violated, “there is no necessity for further inquiries concerning qualified immunity.” The judgment of the Court of Appeals is reversed, and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

[Some citations omitted]

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WASHINGTONSTATE SUPREME COURT

State v. Chenoweth, 160 Wn.2d 454 (2007)

Facts and Proceedings below: (Excerpted from Supreme Court majority opinion)

On February 5, 2003, Nicholas Parker called the Lynden Police Department and reported that Randy Chenoweth was operating a methamphetamine lab at a specific address in Lynden. The tip was relayed to Whatcom Interagency Narcotic Detective [A] of the Blaine Police Department, who then contacted Parker. Parker gave [Detective A] his full name and address and agreed to come to the police department for an interview. Based on the information Parker gave during the interview, [Detective A] sought and obtained a telephonic search warrant with the assistance of [a] Whatcom County [deputy] prosecutor.

After the magistrate placed [Detective A] under oath, the prosecutor elicited information from him through a series of questions. The [deputy] prosecutor asked [Detective A] to relate what he knew of Parker's criminal history. [Detective A] said that Parker told him he had spent a year and a day in prison for unlawful possession of cocaine and delivery of a controlled substance. The [deputy] prosecutor then asked [Detective A] whether he had verified the information through a criminal records check. [Detective A] replied that he had not.

[Detective A] also told the magistrate that Parker said he went to Chenoweth's property earlier that day to try to get his car back. Chenoweth refused to return the car and ordered Parker off the premises. During the visit, Parker went inside the garage and saw various chemicals and equipment that he recognized as components of a methamphetamine lab, including glass flasks containing liquids, ephedrine, canning jars, red phosphorous, tincture of iodine, acetone, coffee filters, Red Devil lye, Drano, a gas generator, a bottle with a hose, coffee filters, and kerosene.

Parker said that during earlier visits to the property Chenoweth admitted to making methamphetamine in the garage, that he had watched Chenoweth make methamphetamine and actually assisted him by handing him chemicals and equipment, and that Chenoweth gave him and Wood some methamphetamine while he was at the house three or four days earlier.

In concluding, the [deputy] prosecutor said, “Your Honor, the only thing I would add is that as far as Mr. Parker's criminal history, although [Detective A] hasn't verified what he said, I can tell the court that I was the prosecutor on that prior criminal case and so I know that to be accurate that he was convicted of a delivery of a drug.” The magistrate asked her to swear to the accuracy of that information, and she replied, “I do, I don't remember the time he served, although I do remember that he went to prison for it.”

The commissioner issued the search warrant. The next day, the [deputy] prosecutor sought and obtained an addendum to the search warrant. She stated, “I would just like to put on the record that I had confirmed Nicholas Parker's criminal history from what I recalled yesterday and further thought I would like to ask if the Commissioner would have found probable cause in the absence of that statement.” The [deputy] prosecutor explained that she wanted to avoid being a witness in a proceeding to challenge the warrant. The commissioner replied that Parker's admission of a criminal conviction was somewhat “self-authenticated” because “there is no reason to say that you have a criminal record unless you do,” making the prosecutor's confirmation of that record superfluous.

Based on evidence obtained during the searches, the State charged Chenoweth and Wood with possession of precursor materials with intent to manufacture methamphetamine and unlawful manufacture of methamphetamine. The State also charged Chenoweth with two counts of possession of a controlled substance and Wood with one count possession of a controlled substance.

Chenoweth and Wood moved to suppress the evidence, arguing that [Detective A] and [the deputy prosecutor] recklessly and/or intentionally omitted facts about Parker's background that would have precluded the magistrate's determination of probable cause, including: (1) Parker's criminal history included several crimes of dishonesty, (2) Parker had been a paid informant for the Bellingham police department, but his contract was terminated because of concerns about his reliability, (3) four years previously, [the deputy prosecutor] charged Parker with intimidating a witness, (4) two years previously, [the deputy prosecutor] was aware that Parker made unsubstantiated allegations that his attorney accepted cocaine as payment for his defense, (5) Parker was motivated by revenge in that he was angry with Chenoweth for failing to return his car, (6) Parker was motivated by self-interest in that he expected the police to help him retrieve his car, (7) Parker provided the information in the expectation that the police would pay him. In the alternative, Wood argued that the search warrant is invalid under our state constitution even if the omissions resulted from negligent rather than reckless or intentional conduct.

The trial court held several hearings to explore the defendants' allegations. Following these hearings, the trial court concluded that the omitted facts would have negated probable cause. However, the trial court concluded that the defendants failed to carry their burden of proving that [Detective A] or [the deputy prosecutor] recklessly failed to disclose the full extent of Parker's criminal history or his unsuccessful career as a paid informant to the issuing magistrate. The trial court also concluded that Parker was acting as a citizen informant when he informed the police about the methamphetamine lab. Accordingly, the trial court denied the suppression motion.

Chenoweth and Wood appealed, and the Court of Appeals affirmed the convictions in all respects pertinent here. State v. Chenoweth, 127 Wn. App. 444, 111 P.3d 1217 (2005) Oct 05 LED:13.

ISSUES AND RULINGS: 1) Does article 1, section 7 of the Washington constitution have a mere negligence standard for challenges to material misstatements or omissions - - regarding the informant or other facts - - by an affiant in a search warrant application? (ANSWER: No, rules an 8-1 majority (Justice Richard Sanders dissenting), the Washington constitution’s standard is the same as the federal recklessness standard, i.e., the affiant’s deliberate misstatement or recklessness in describing the facts);

2) Was the credibility (veracity) of the informant established in the affidavit where, among other things, the informant was identified in the affidavit and the informant was giving information against his penal interest? (ANSWER: Yes)

Result: Affirmance of Court of Appeals decisions that affirmed the convictions and sentences of Randal Lee Chenoweth and Barbara Joyce Wood for manufacturing methamphetamine and for other drug crimes.

ANALYSIS:

1)Proof standard for challenge to material misstatements or omissions by search warrant affiant

The Supreme Court majority opinion engages in extensive analysis in support of the majority conclusion that the proof standard under article 1, section 7 of the Washington constitution for challenges to material misstatements or omissions is the same as under the federal constitution’s Fourth Amendment. That Fourth Amendment standard is deliberate misstatement or recklessness by the affiant. The Chenoweth majority opinion rejects the argument by the Chenoweth defendants that the Court should adopt a mere negligence standard as an independent grounds interpretation of article 1, section 7 of the Washington constitution. The Court then analyzes the facts and concludes that the affiant deputy prosecutor in this case did not make a deliberate or reckless misstatement. We will not address theChenoweth Court’s analysis of this issue further in this LED entry.

2)Credibility of named informant

The Supreme Court majority’s analysis of the informant credibility/veracity is as follows:

Wood claims that the search warrant is invalid on its face even assuming the State did not recklessly or intentionally omit material information. Wood argues that Parker's criminal drug conviction precludes an inference that he is a reliable citizen informant. In her view, the magistrate could not reasonably credit the tip in the absence of independent police corroboration. Wood relies primarily on State v. Bittner, 66 Wn. App. 541 (1992) Jan 93 LED:13 for her contention. In Bittner, a police affiant characterized a confidential informant as a “ ‘concerned citizen’ ” who had never previously contacted the police department. The officer further stated that a “‘thorough criminal records check’” yielded negative results, failing to inform the magistrate that the informant was recently under investigation for impersonating a police officer. After concluding the warrant affidavit was facially insufficient, the Court of Appeals reversed the conviction without determining whether the officer's omission invalidated the warrant. Nevertheless, the court expressed its disapproval of the officer's conduct, noting that he should have disclosed that the informant was under suspicion of a crime since such information is pertinent to assessing the informant's reliability. Bittner. Wood asserts that Bittner stands for the proposition that the mere suspicion of an informant's past criminal activity negates an inference that the informant is a reliable citizen.