Political Science 230Part IV
Roskin, pgs. 188-193
Kelleher, pgs. 163-167, A:IR20-16
National Security & Insecurity
True or False Questions
1. With the end of the Cold War, states have much fewer security problems since the U.S. and Russia are both democracies. True or False
2. The enforcement power of the UN is extremely effective, particularly when it comes to limiting the authority of the permanent members of the Security Council.True or False
3. States achieve national security by either increasing their own power or by allying with others. True or False
4. Some measure of insecurity is normal in international politics, argue Roskin and Berry. Trueor False
5. Since the first organized states came into contact with other states, security has been the chief interest of rulers and remains the overall prime national interest. True or False
6. Deterrence prevents an attack by threatening high costs from retaliation, whereas defense prevents an attack by showing the attacker he won’t win. True or False
7. Roskin and Berry believe that West Europe, facing few security threats, can spend little on defense and have small armies. True or False
8. Stalin’s seizure of East Europe, what Russians long defined as their defensive shield, quickly led to the Cold War, NATO, and hydrogen bombs, making the Soviet Union less secure. Trueor False
9. Deterrence becomes much less operative in the nuclear age because now nuclear powers can inflict huge damage on an attacker. True or False
10. Nuclear deterrence is least effective when states have mutual second-strike capability because there is a greater possibility of war.True or False
Multiple Choice Questions
1. What a state does to safeguard its sovereignty: a) conducting diplomacy, b) geographic integrity, c) security, d) territorial sanctity.
2. The following refers to dissuading an attack by showing its high costs: a) détente diplomacy, b) disarmament, c) deterrence, d) defense.
3. Internal wars are usually the: a) conflict of domestic economic institutions and not natural resources, b) result of a lack of communication between the belligerent powerful group over control of a country's government, c) fight of a minority that feels discriminated against to, wanting break away and become a separate country, d) manifestation of outside forces trying to instigate conflict where none exists.
4. Almost all states resolve disputes that endanger their national security by: a) resolving it themselves, b) getting a powerful state to come to its rescue, c) by buying off the belligerent, d) getting international organizations (IOs) such as the UN to resolve the dispute.
5. Of the four basic strategies to preserve security, what ranks first and second, according to Roskin and Berry? a) defense and deterrence, b) defense and détente diplomacy, c) deterrence and détente diplomacy, d) defense and disarmament.
6. The following helped found both realism and Italian nationalism: a) Benito Mussolini, b) Niccolo Machiavelli, c) Thomas Aquinas, d) Alessandro Achillini.
7. Sweden and Switzerland did this during both world wars: a) bystanding, b) detente, c) buck-passing, d) alliance sharing
8. When a weaker state decides to join a stronger country to assure its safety and security: a) colonialism, b) bandwagoning, c) live and let live, d) cooptation
9. When a strong country becomes the dominant power, arranging things as it sees fit and letting weaker powers bystand or buck-pass: a) globalization, b) mutual assured destruction, c) detente, d) hegemony
10. When does diplomacy work according to Roskin and Berry? a) When deterrence has failed, b) When a would-be attacker is distracted, c) When treaties and other agreements are clearly written and not ambiguous, d) When a state can back up its agreements and communications with arms.
11. Why has Canada decades ago decided that maintaining a large army was infeasible and unnecessary? a) it has the technological means to defend itself, b) its geographic location makes it impossible to attack, c) it has signed world-wide treaties to assure its security, d) the U.S. will always defend it.
12. In facing the Nazi menace, what gave Britain a technological advantage that helped defend against air strikes? a) missiles, b) radar, c) U.S. air support, d) fuel.
13. What advantage did the German officers utilize (ignored by the French and British officers) in the beginning of World War II to win victory after victory? a) guerrilla tactics, b) artillery logistics, c) armored warfare, d) germ warfare.
14. What was introduced and the lesson learned from the fall of Constantinople? a) rapid responses to attack is better than appeasement, b) alliances assures greater security, c) the introduction of new technologies can quickly change security strategies, d) never allow your enemy a second chance by using only diplomacy and not aggression.
15. Why does the effort by one state to achieve greater security by building up its military may cause greater insecurity? a) It may cause its neighbors to break-off diplomatic relations, b) it may cause other states to build-up their military, creating an arms race, c) It may result in isolating the more powerful state, d) Having a stronger military has always resulted in a state getting into misguided wars.
16. Being considered trustworthy, believable; the crux of deterrence: a) credibility, b) legitimacy, c) sincere, d) strength.
17. How was Britain able to deter would-be aggressors after 1066 (except for one)? a) Through verbal threats, b) As a result of alliances with Rome, c) Due to its advantageous geographic location, d) Because of the size and effectiveness of its naval fleet.
18. What is the problem with conventional deterrence? a) Verbal threats and fear are its foundation, b) There is no assurance that your military will always respond, c) Your opponent has an incentive to reach a diplomatic solution, d) The incentive is to attack first.
19. Why was World War III prevented during the Cold War? a) The costs of war were simply too great for both sides, b) The Russians were always afraid of the United States, c) Politics is the art of compromise, d) The Strategic Defense Initiative was successful.
20. If a government that is attacked by conventional forces engages in nuclear retaliation, this has a high probability of inviting a nuclear attack upon itself: a) counter-retaliation, b) counterbalance, c) counter-deterrence, d) strategic deterrence.
21. Why have U.S. peacekeeping forces been placed in ex-Yugoslavia for several years? a) To compel Macedonia's leaders to stop their aggression against their neighbors, b) To show both France and Germany that the U.S. will not tolerate their threats against Bosnia, c) To deter Serbia from attempting to annex what it believes are its former provinces, d) To limit Russian influence in the Baltics.
22. Why would Saddam Hussein not try to fully convince the world that his regime still may be holding some WMDs prior to the second Gulf War, according to Roskin and Berry? a) Saddam was a sociopath, who was a pathological liar, b) Saddam's surrogates were so deathly afraid of their leader, that they constantly lied to him about Iraq's military power and capability, c) Being a tribal leader, embracing the blood-feud culture, to accommodate Washington would show weakness, d) It was a means to deter its arch-enemy Iran from attacking him.
23. To disarm a would-be aggressor because the latter fears an invasion: a) coercive disarmament, b) diplomacy, c) imperialism, d) psychological weakness.
24. The example of dropping the sausage and the dog listening to one over the other based on deterrence theory: a) the wife will not hit the dog but the dog will listen to "no." b) the dog will always obey both the wife and husband no matter what the consequences, c) the dog will listen to the husband because the husband will strike the dog if the dog disobeys, d) the dog will avoid the sausage no matter what the wife or the husband say.
Fill-in Questions
1. When discussing the role of a leader in a state, Machiavelli argued the following:
a) A prince’s first responsibility is to maintain his ______, because it preserves the state.
b)Whatever actions contribute to this are acceptable regardless of their ______implications. ______is all that matters.
c) Good leaders are first and foremost concerned with protecting the ______integrity of their state;
d) In its most basic form, national ______ensures protection against threats from other states.
2. What are the two problems that ever country encounters when formulating its defense strategy?
a) Does it have ______?
b) Is it the right _____?
c) Terrible ______are made on both counts, as the answers to these questions are always ______.
3. Deterrence is based on the following:
a) the assumption that ______governments are rational and make _____-______calculations.
b) arational enemy will not ______if the costs outweigh any ______.
c) It is the ability to ______costs and let the enemy know it in ______.
d) Such capability comes from the size, skill, and weaponry of one’s ______.
4. Deterrence depends upon the four Cs:
a) ______: A must deliver the threat before B decides to act.
b) ______: A must be perceived as able to carry out its threat and inflict costs.
c) ______: B must perceive A as actually doing Y if B does X. A must not be seen as a bluffer.
d) ______: B must reckon the benefits of X as less than the costs on itself if A does Y.
Peace and War
Kelleher, pgs. 163-167
True or False Questions
1. Since 1945, violations of sovereignty have been denounced as aggression. True or False
2. Because states have a vote in the international system, state sovereignty retains its validity. True or False
3. A binding resolution are subject to interpretation and enforcement by each member government of the UN. True or False
4. Similar to governments, businesses can legitimately threaten to use force when their property has been illegally confiscated. True or False
5. The international system have an absence of governance where each state acts as judge in its own cause because there is no higher authority, including the decision to go to war. True or False
6. According to Kelleher and Klein, internationally, the UN Security Council can enforce its resolutions. True or False
7. Anarchy, as applied to the international system definitely does not mean an absence of order, argue Kelleher and Klein. True or False
8. In the final analysis, anarchy does not allow any state the freedom to use violence if their leaders think that they can get away with it. True or False
9. When domestic political systems destabilize, it virtually invites other states to intervene. True or False
10. Power applies to most human relationships and includes control but not influence, argue Kelleher and Klein. True or False
11. Small powers affect their own domestic affairs, but have little or no effect in the international arena. True or False
12. The fact that Russia still has nuclear weapons continues to identify this state by some international analysts as a superpower. True or False
Multiple Choice Questions
1. According to Kelleher and Klein, a wide range of violent actions—from all-out full-scale clashes of armies to smaller-scale incidents of terrorism refers to: a) conflicts, b) war, c) hostilities, d) aggression.
2. Peace and war: a) are opposites of each other, b) have nothing to do with each other, c) merge with each other when force is threatened but not used, d) are related in both the private and public sectors.
3. Why did hundreds of people walk through the Segetalo family home? a) it was an extended family, b) it is a tradition in the city of Mostar because the home is a religious relic, c) the head of the family has assumed the role of honorary mayor, d) to avoid the shelling.
4. An international legal principle, as well as a practical one that states accept no political authority as superseding their own: a) legitimacy, b) sovereignty, c) nationalism, d) patriotism
5. Based on the principle of sovereignty, who determines the laws and policies that apply to the people within the borders of a state? a) the people, b) the most powerful state among the international system, c) elected representatives, d) the government of each state.
6. Of the nations that make up the international system, how many are members of the UN? a) 175, b) 192, c) 200, d) 204
7. International relations theorists explain why force can be considered within the bounds of acceptable behavior in cases of extreme international conflict but unacceptable in domestic political contexts: a) stable security, b) preemption, c) global stability, d) international anarchy
8. For centuries, governments have mutually ensured the physical safety of foreign ambassadors and other representatives: a) international protocol, b) peaceful coexistence, c) diplomatic immunity, d) sovereign diplomatic security.
9. Which of the following allows an interventionist state the “legitimacy” to violate the sovereignty of another state? a) When terrorist groups have kidnapped a citizen of the interventionist state, b) When a state refuse to pay it debts to the interventionist state, c) When a domestic group, as a potential government, has requested help from an interventionist state, d) Under international law, the sovereignty of every state must be respected even when human rights violations are occurring.
10. The ability of persons, groups, organizations, and states to cause others to do what they want: a) power, b) interposition, c) rule of law, d) measured proportionality
11. An example of a regional power: a) Haiti, b) Jordan, c) Latvia, d) India
Fill-in Questions
1. What have been the causes of conflict at the beginning of the 21st century, according to Kelleher and Klein?
a) Increasingly severe ______problems,
b) exacerbated by the destruction of the natural ______.
c) States that act on long-smoldering ______against other states.
d) Political ideologies...such as ______beliefs, ethnic or state nationalisms,
e) stability and order in defense of … general ______like freedom from oppression.
2. In spite of the growth international organizations and other nonstate actors, what proof exists that states retain their validity, according to Kelleher and Klein?
a) States have the ______when international governmental organizations pass resolutions.
b) Those same resolutions do not apply within a state’s borders until its government enacts implementing ______.
c) States remain central in ______any internationally validated policy.
3. Power is built up and exercised in 3 ways:
a) through ______(political power),
b) economic ______(economic power)
c) physical ______(military power).
Answers
True or False Questions, Roskin, pgs. 188-193
1. False
3. True
5. True
7. True
9. False
Multiple Choice Questions
1. c
3. c
5. a
7. a
9. d
11. d
13. c
15. b
17. d
19. a
21. c
23. a
Fill-in Questions
1. a) power, b) moral, survival, c) territorial, d) security
3. a) hostile, cost-benefit, b) attack, benefits, c) impose, advance, d) armed forces
True or False Questions, Kelleher, pgs. 163-167
1. True
3. True
5. True
7. True
9. True
11. True
Multiple Choice Questions
1. b
3. d
5. d
7. d
9. c
11. d
Fill-in Questions
1. a) economic, b) environment, c) grievances, d) religious, e) ideals
3. a) persuasion, b) inducements, c) force
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