PO4 Comes from Poop Or Apatite

Notes 9.29-10.8

·  Apatite:

~ hardness 5

~ Ca3(PO4)3

·  PO4 ~ comes from poop or apatite

·  Fluorite:

~ hardness 4

~ CaF2

~ purity crystals (cubes on octahedron)

~ usually blue, green, purple, or clear

·  Halite salt:

~ NaSl

~ slippery

~ dried salt

~ unusually perfect cubes

~ evaporate

·  Pyrite:

~ FeS ß weathers quickly into Fe2O3

~ “fool’s gold”

~ brittle

~ not stable at Earth’s surface à rusts

~ usually comes out of mines

·  Galieno:

~ PbS
~ main ore of lead; heavy

~ silvery, shinny, usually cube, dense

~ usually found with pyrite because of similar characteristics

·  ore ~ economical term for rocks that have a substantial amount of certain minerals that have value

·  hydrothermal deposit ~ both pyrite and galeno relates to volcanoes when both are dissolved by boiling water heated by volcanoes

·  pegmatite veins:

~ last rocks to form when a big body of felsic magma cools

~ cools slowly

~ forms deep underground

·  rocks transmit heat poorly

·  composition “differentiates” because same elements are preferentially excluded or included from crystals à water is excluded because it is one of elements which is excluded from crystals

·  plate tectonics occur because water decreases melting temperature of rocks

·  amaenite:

~ occurred during Mesozoic period
~ helps dating

·  halite:

~ found in deserts

·  salt crystal:

~ different from calcite

~ identified by 60°/120° angles

~ rectangular

·  Beryl:

~ emerald, aquamarine, morganite [gemstone varieties]

~ hardness 7.5-8

~ emerald ~ green

~ aquamarine ~ pale blue

~ morganite ~ catch-all term for other gemstone beryl-dear, yellowish

varieties of beryl emerald

aquamarine morganite

·  Tourmaline:

~ black/brown is “schorl” (most common)

~ gems are usually pink, blue, or green (many colors)

~ parallel “striation” lines down long axis

schorl varieties of tourmaline

·  Garnet:

~ burgundy, purple color (dark)

~ very common, small

~ large variety of colors

~ can grow very large

~ black - melonite

~ birthstone of January

garnet melonite

·  Kunzite:

~ local variety - pink

~ spudomene

ß kunzite ß spudomene

·  Climate:

~ energy entering air/water = sun + geothermal heat

~ sun is about 1km/m² of sunlight hits the earth

~ cross sectional area of Earth:

A = πr² = π(6.38 x 10^6m)² = 10^14m² = 10^117W of solar power ß rough estimate

~ geothermal heat ~ 32tw = 3 x 10^13W ß rough estimate

~ geothermal heat escapes through volcanoes

·  the earth loses energy from reflection & radiation

·  all objects radiate hear all the time

·  as you heat something, you change the radiation & the total radiation

·  Radiation:

~ energy out per m² = σeT^4

σ = constant

e = mother constant

T = temperature

(it can be really small of big because of the 4th power)

·  The more an object is heated, the more energy is lost

·  albedo ~ fraction of incoming light that is reflected à reflected light/absorbed light

·  without the greenhouse effect, the earth would be freezing (like Mars)

·  incoming sunlight mostly visible

·  atmosphere is transparent in visible light

·  Earth’s air: (mostly dry air)

~ N2 78%

~ O2 21%

~ Ar 1%

~ CO2 34%

·  N2 & O2 are not considered greenhouse gasses because it doesn’t change in amount

·  Ar & CO2 are green house gases

·  H2O is usually between O2 & Ar; varies

·  Humans have now doubled the amount of CO2 in the air

·  Sun’s heat < inferred light heat

·  If you freeze/boil the earth, the air will never come back

·  Water vapor is a good greenhouse effect

·  Climate feedback:

~ positive feedback - a change in a system that tends to lead to more of the same level of change

~ negative feedback - a change in a system that tends to prevent more of that same changes

·  Positive feedback would be bad for the Earth because it would make earth into Mars or Venus