Physical Constants and Conversion Factors

Physical Constants and Conversion Factors

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS

Name / Symbol / Value(s) / Units
Angstrom / Å / 1 x 10-10 m / meter
Avogadro number / NA / 6.022 x 1023 mol-1 / mole-1
Elementary charge / e / 1.60 x 10-19 C / coulomb
Electron volt / eV / 1.60 x 10-19 J / joule
Speed of light / c / 2.998 x 108 m s-1 / meters second-1
Planck’s constant / h / 6.626 x 10-34 J s / joule-second
Universal gas constant / R / 0.0821 L atm K-1 mol-1 / liter atmosphere kelvin-1 mole-1
Neutron rest mass / mn / 1.00866501u / atomic mass unit
Proton rest mass / mp / 1.00727647 u / atomic mass unit
Electron rest mass / me / 0.000548480 u / atomic mass unit
Atomic mass unit / u (amu) / 1.660565 x 10-24 g / gram
Standard molar volume / VSTP / 22.4138 L mol-1 / liter mole-1
Standard pressure / atm / 1 atm / atmosphere
760 torr / torr
760 mmHg / millimeters of mercury
101.3 kPa / kilopascals
Molal freezing point depression / Kf H2O / -1.86 °C m-1 / degrees per molal
Molal boiling point elevation / Kb H2O / +0.51 °C m-1 / degrees per molal
Volume (standard), liter / L / 1 x 103 cm3 = 1 dm3 / cubic decimeter
Heat equivalent / kcal / 4.184 x 103 J / joules

VAPOR PRESSURE OF WATER

Temperature
(°C) / Pressure
(torr) / Temperature
(°C) / Pressure
(torr) / Temperature
(°C) / Pressure
(torr)
0.0 / 4.6 / 19.5 / 17.0 / 27.0 / 26.7
5.0 / 6.5 / 20.0 / 17.5 / 28.0 / 28.3
10.0 / 9.2 / 20.5 / 18.1 / 29.0 / 30.0
12.5 / 10.9 / 21.0 / 18.6 / 30.0 / 31.8
15.0 / 12.8 / 21.5 / 19.2 / 35.0 / 42.2
15.5 / 13.2 / 22.0 / 19.8 / 40.0 / 55.3
16.0 / 13.6 / 22.5 / 20.4 / 50.0 / 92.5
16.5 / 14.1 / 23.0 / 21.1 / 60.0 / 149.4
17.0 / 14.5 / 23.5 / 21.7 / 70.0 / 233.7
17.5 / 15.0 / 24.0 / 22.4 / 80.0 / 355.1
18.0 / 15.5 / 24.5 / 23.1 / 90.0 / 525.8
18.5 / 16.0 / 25.0 / 23.8 / 95.0 / 633.9
19.0 / 16.5 / 26.0 / 25.2 / 100.0 / 760.0
1
IA /

Periodic Table of the Elements

/ 18
VIIIA
1 / 1
H
hydrogen
1.007 94 / 2
IIA / 6

C

carbon
12.0111 / Atomic Number
Symbol
Element Name
Average Atomic Mass
(Weighted) / 13
IIIA / 14
IVA / 15
VA / 16
VIA / 17
VIIA / 2
He
helium
4.002 60
2 / 3
Li
lithium
6.941 / 4
Be
beryllium
9.012 18 / 5
B
boron
10.81 / 6
C
carbon
12.0111 / 7
N
nitrogen
14.0067 / 8
O
oxygen
15.9994 / 9
F
fluorine
18.998 403 / 10
Ne
neon
20.179
3 / 11
Na
sodium
22.989 77 / 12
Mg
magnesium
24.305 / 3
IIIB / 4
IVB / 5
VB / 6
VIB / 7
VIIB / 8 / 9
VIIIB / 10 / 11
IB / 12
IIB / 13
Al
aluminum
26.981 54 / 14
Si
silicon
28.0855 / 15
P
phosphorus
30.973 76 / 16
S
sulfur
32.06 / 17
Cl
chlorine
35.453 / 18
Ar
argon
39.948
4 / 19
K
potassium
39.098 3 / 20
Ca
calcium
40.08 / 21
Sc
scandium
44.9559 / 22
Ti
titanium
47.88 / 23
V
vanadium
50.9415 / 24
Cr
chromium
51.996 / 25
Mn
manganese
54.9380 / 26
Fe
iron
55.847 / 27
Co
cobalt
58.9332 / 28
Ni
nickel
58.69 / 29
Cu
copper
63.546 / 30
Zn
zinc
65.39 / 31
Ga
gallium
69.72 / 32
Ge
germanium
72.59 / 33
As
arsenic
74.9216 / 34
Se
selenium
78.96 / 35
Br
bromine
79.904 / 36
Kr
krypton
83.80
5 / 37
Rb
rubidium
85.467 8 / 38
Sr
strontium
87.62 / 39
Y
yttrium
88.9059 / 40
Zr
zirconium
91.224 / 41
Nb
niobium
92.9064 / 42
Mo
molybdenum
95.94 / 43
Tc
technetium
(98) / 44
Ru
ruthenium
101.07 / 45
Rh
rhodium
102.906 / 46
Pd
palladium
106.42 / 47
Ag
silver
107.868 / 48
Cd
cadmium
112.41 / 49
In
indium
114.82 / 50
Sn
tin
118.71 / 51
Sb
antimony
121.75 / 52
Te
tellurium
127.60 / 53
I
iodine
126.905 / 54
Xe
xenon
131.29
6 / 55
Cs
cesium
132.905 / 56
Ba
barium
137.33 / 57
La
lanthanum
138.906 / 72
Hf
hafnium
178.49 / 73
Ta
tantalum
180.948 / 74
W
tungsten
183.85 / 75
Re
rhenium
186.207 / 76
Os
osmium
190.2 / 77
Ir
iridium
192.22 / 78
Pt
platinum
195.08 / 79
Au
gold
196.967 / 80
Hg
mercury
200.59 / 81
Tl
thallium
204.383 / 82
Pb
lead
207.2 / 83
Bi
bismuth
208.980 / 84
Po
polonium
(209) / 85
At
astatine
(210) / 86
Rn
radon
(222)
7 / 87
Fr
francium
(223) / 88
Ra
radium
226.025 / 89
Ac
actinium
227.0278 / 104
Rf
rutherfordium
(261.11) / 105
Db
dubnium
(262.114) / 106
Sg
seaborgium
(263.118) / 107
Bh
bohrium
(262.12) / 107
Hs
hassium
(265) / 109
Mt
meitnerium
(266) / 110
Uun
ununnilium
(269) / 111
Uuu
unununium
(272) / 112
Uub
ununbium
(277) / 114
Uuq
ununquadium
(285) / 116
Uuh
ununhexium
(289) / 118
Uuo
ununoctium
(293)
58
Ce
cerium
140.12 / 59
Pr
praseodymium
140.908 / 60
Nd
neodymium
144.24 / 61
Pm
promethium
(145) / 62
Sm
samarium
150.36 / 63
Eu
europium
151.96 / 64
Gd
gadolinium
157.25 / 65
Tb
terbium
158.925 / 66
Dy
dysprosium
162.50 / 67
Ho
holmium
164.930 / 68
Er
erbium
167.26 / 69
Tm
thulium
168.934 / 70
Yb
ytterbium
173.04 / 71
Lu
lutecium
174.967
90
Th
thorium
232.038 / 91
Pa
protactinium
231.036 / 92
U
uranium
238.029 / 93
Np
neptunium
237.048 / 94
Pu
plutonium
(244) / 95
Am
americium
(243) / 96
Cm
curium
(247) / 97
Bk
berkelium
(247) / 98
Cf
californium
(251) / 99
Es
einsteinium
(252) / 100
Fm
fermium
(257) / 101
Md
mendelevium
(258) / 102
No
nobelium
(259) / 103
Lr
lawrencium
(260)
Periodic Table of Electronegativities
1 / 18
H
2.1 / 2 / 13 / 14 / 15 / 16 / 17 / He
Li
1.0 / Be
1.5 / B
2.0 / C
2.5 / N
3.0 / O
3.5 / F
4.0 / Ne
Na
0.9 / Mg
1.2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10 / 11 / 12 / Al
1.5 / Si
1.8 / P
2.1 / S
2.5 / Cl
3.0 / Ar
K
0.8 / Ca
1.0 / Sc
1.3 / Ti
1.5 / V
1.6 / Cr
1.6 / Mn
1.5 / Fe
1.8 / Co
1.8 / Ni
1.8 / Cu
1.9 / Zn
1.6 / Ga
1.6 / Ge
1.8 / As
2.0 / Se
2.4 / Br
2.8 / Kr
3.0
Rb
0.8 / Sr
1.0 / Y
1.2 / Zr
1.4 / Nb
1.6 / Mo
1.8 / Tc
1.9 / Ru
2.2 / Rh
2.2 / Pd
2.2 / Ag
1.9 / Cd
1.7 / In
1.7 / Sn
1.8 / Sb
1.9 / Te
2.1 / I
2.5 / Xe
2.6
Cs
0.7 / Ba
0.9 / La
1.1 / Hf
1.3 / Ta
1.5 / W
1.7 / Re
1.9 / Os
2.2 / Ir
2.2 / Pt
2.2 / Au
2.4 / Hg
1.9 / Tl
1.8 / Pb
1.8 / Bi
1.9 / Po
2.0 / At
2.2 / Rn
2.4
Fr
0.7 / Ra
0.9 / Ac
1.1 / Rf / Db / Sg / Bh / Hs / Mt / Uun / Uuu / Uub / Uuq / Uuh / Uuo
Ce
1.1 / Pr
1.1 / Nd
1.1 / Pm
1.1 / Sm
1.1 / Eu
1.1 / Gd
1.1 / Tb
1.1 / Dy
1.1 / Ho
1.1 / Er
1.1 / Tm
1.1 / Yb
1.1 / Lu
1.2
Th
1.3 / Pa
1.5 / U
1.7 / Np
1.3 / Pu
1.3 / Am
1.3 / Cm
1.3 / Bk
1.3 / Cf
1.3 / Es
1.3 / Fm
1.3 / Md
1.3 / No
1.3 / Lr
Periodic Table of First Ionization Energies (kJ/mol)
1 / 18
H
1312 / 2 / 13 / 14 / 15 / 16 / 17 / He
2372
Li
520 / Be
900 / B
801 / C
1086 / N
1402 / O
1314 / F
1681 / Ne
2081
Na
496 / Mg
738 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10 / 11 / 12 / Al
578 / Si
787 / P
1012 / S
1000 / Cl
1251 / Ar
1521
K
419 / Ca
590 / Sc
631 / Ti
658 / V
650 / Cr
653 / Mn
717 / Fe
759 / Co
758 / Ni
737 / Cu
746 / Zn
906 / Ga
579 / Ge
762 / As
944 / Se
941 / Br
1140 / Kr
1351
Rb
403 / Sr
550 / Y
616 / Zr
660 / Nb
664 / Mo
685 / Tc
702 / Ru
711 / Rh
720 / Pd
805 / Ag
731 / Cd
868 / In
558 / Sn
709 / Sb
832 / Te
869 / I
1008 / Xe
1170
Cs
376 / Ba
503 / La
538 / Hf
654 / Ta
761 / W
770 / Re
760 / Os
840 / Ir
880 / Pt
870 / Au
890 / Hg
1007 / Tl
589 / Pb
716 / Bi
703 / Po
812 / At / Rn
1038
Fr / Ra
509 / Ac
490 / Rf / Db / Sg / Bh / Hs / Mt / Uun / Uuu / Uub / Uuq / Uuh / Uuo
Ce
528 / Pr
523 / Nd
530 / Pm
536 / Sm
543 / Eu
547 / Gd
592 / Tb
564 / Dy
572 / Ho
581 / Er
589 / Tm
597 / Yb
603 / Lu
523
Th
590 / Pa
570 / U
590 / Np / Pu / Am / Cm / Bk / Cf / Es / Fm / Md / No / Lr


COMMON IONS

Name / Formula / Name / Formula
aluminum /

Al3+

/ acetate / CH3COO –
ammonium / NH4+ / bicarbonate /

HCO32 –

antimony / Sb3+ / bisulfate / HSO4–
barium / Ba2+ / bisulfite / HSO3–
beryllium / Be2+ / bromide / Br–
bismuth (III) / Bi3+ / carbonate / CO32 –
cadmium / Cd2+ / chlorate / ClO3–
calcium / Ca2+ / chloride / Cl –
cesium / Cs+ / chlorite / ClO2–
chromium (II), chromous / Cr2+ / chromate / CrO42 –
chromium (III), chromic / Cr3+ / cyanide / CN –
cobalt (II) / Co2+ / dichromate / Cr2O72 –
copper (I), cuprous / Cu+ / dihydrogen phosphate / H2PO4–
copper (II), cupric / Cu2+ / fluoride / F –
diamine silver / [Ag(NH3)2]+ / hydride / H –
gold (I), aurous / Au+ / hexacyanoferrate (II), ferrohexacyanate / [Fe(CN)6]4 –
gold (III), auric / Au3+ / hexacyanoferrate (III), ferrihexacyanate / [Fe(CN)6]3 –
hydrogen / H+ / hydrogen phosphate / HPO42 –
hydronium / H3O+ / hydroxide / OH –
iron (II), ferrous /

Fe2+

/ hypochlorite / ClO –
iron (III), ferric / Fe3+ / iodide / I –
lead (II), plumbous / Pb2+ / nitrate / NO3 –
lead (IV), plumbic / Pb4+ / nitride / N3 –
lithium / Li+ / nitrite / NO2 –
magnesium / Mg2+ / oxalate / C2O42 –
mercury (I), mercurous / Hg22+ / oxide / O2 –
mercury (II), mercuric /

Hg2+

/ perchlorate / ClO4–
nickel (II), nickelous / Ni2+ / permanganate / MnO4–
potassium / K+ / peroxide / O22 –
radium / Ra2+ / phosphate / PO43 –
rubidium / Rb+ / selenide / Se2 –
silver / Ag+ / sulfate / SO42 –
sodium / Na+ / sulfide / S2 –
strontium / Sr2+ / sulfite / SO32 –
tin (II), stannous / Sn2+ / telluride / Te2 –
tin (IV), stannic / Sn4+ / thiocyanate / SCN –
zinc / Zn2+ / thiosulfate / S2O32 –
COMMON ELEMENTS
NameSymbol / Common Oxidation States / Melting Point
(ºC) / Boiling Point
(ºC) / Density
(g mL-1)
aluminumAl / +3 / 660.4 / 2467 / 2.70
antimonySb / –3, +3, +5 / 630.5 / 1750 / 6.68
arsenicAs / –3, +3, +5 / --- / 613subl / 5.73
bariumBa / +2 / 725 / 1640 / 3.51
bismuthBi / +3 / 271.3 / 1560 / 9.80
bromineBr / –1, +1, +3, +5, +7 / –7.2 / 58.8 / 3.12
calciumCa / +2 / 839 / 1484 / 1.54
carbonC / +2, +4 / 3550 / 4827 / 3.51diamond
chlorineCl / –1, +1, +3, +5, +7 / –101.0 / –34.6 / 3.21 g L-1
chromiumCr / +2, +3, +6 / 1857 / 2672 / 7.21
cobaltCo / +2, +3 / 1495 / 2870 / 8.9
copperCu / +1, +2 / 1083 / 2567 / 8.92
fluorineF / –1 / –219.6 / –188.1 / 1.69 g L-1
goldAu / +1, +3 / 1064 / 2808 / 19.31
hydrogenH / –1, +1 / –259.3 / –252.8 / 0.0899 g L-1
iodineI / –1, +1, +3, +5, +7 / 113.5 / 184.4 / 4.93
ironFe / +2, +3 / 1535 / 2750 / 7.86
leadPb / +2, +4 / 327.5 / 1740 / 11.34
lithiumLi / +1 / 180.5 / 1342 / 0.534
magnesiumMg / +2 / 648.8 / 1107 / 1.75
manganeseMn / +2, +3, +4, +6, +7 / 1244 / 1962 / 7.20
mercuryHg / +1, +2 / –38.9 / 356.6 / 13.55
nickelNi / +2, +3 / 1445 / 2730 / 8.90
nitrogenN / –3, +3, +5 / –209.9 / –195.8 / 1.25 g L-1
oxygenO / –2 / –218.4 / –183.0 / 1.43 g L-1
phosphorusP / –3, +3, +5 / 44.1 / 280 / 1.82
platinumPt / +2, +4 / 1772 / 3827 / 21.45
potassiumK / +1 / 63.3 / 760 / 0.86
siliconSi / +2, +4 / 1410 / 2355 / 2.33
silverAg / +1 / 961.9 / 2212 / 10.5
sodiumNa / +1 / 97.8 / 882.9 / 0.97
strontiumSr / +2 / 769 / 1384 / 2.6
sulfurS / –2, +4, +6 / 119.0 / 444.7 / 1.96
tinSn / +2, +4 / 231.9 / 2260 / 7.28white
titaniumTi / +2, +3, +4 / 1660 / 3287 / 4.5
tungstenW / +6 / 3410 / 5600 / 19.35
uraniumU / +3, +4, +6 / 1132 / 3818 / 19.05
zincZn / +2 / 419.6 / 907 / 7.14
STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS
E0 (in volts) / E0 (in volts)
F2 + 2e 2F +2.87 / Fe + 3e Fe 0.04
MnO + 8H + 5e Mn2+ + 4H2O +1.49 / Pb + 2e Pb 0.13
Au + 3e Au +1.42 / Sn + 2e Sn 0.14
Cl2 + 2e 2Cl +1.36 / Ni + 2e Ni 0.23
Cr2O + 14H + 6e 2Cr3+ + 7H2O +1.33 / Co + 2e Co 0.28
MnO2 + 4H + 2e Mn2+ + 2H2O +1.21 / Cd + 2e Cd 0.40
Br2 + 2e 2Br +1.06 / Fe + 2e Fe 0.41
Hg + 2e Hg +0.85 / S + 2e S 0.51
Ag + e Ag +0.80 / Cr + 3e Cr 0.74
Hg + 2e 2Hg +0.80 / Zn + 2e Zn 0.76
Fe + 1e Fe +0.77 / Al + 3e Al 1.71
MnO + e MnO +1.49 / Mg + 2e Mg 2.38
I2 + 2e 2I +0.54 / Na + e Na 2.71
Cu + 2e Cu +0.34 / Ca + 2e Ca 2.76
Cu + 1e Cu +0.16 / Ba + 2e Ba 2.90
S + 4H + 2e H2S +0.14 / K + e K 2.92
2H+ 2e H2 0.00 / Li + e Li 3.04
ACTIVITY SERIES
OF THE ELEMENTS
Activity of Metals
Li
Rb
K / Can react with cold
Ba / H2O and acids,
Sr / replacing hydrogen.
Ca
Na
Mg
Al
Mn / Can react with
Zn / steam and acids,
Cr / replacing hydrogen.
Fe
Cd
Co
Ni / Can react with acids,
Sn / replacing hydrogen.
Pb
H2
Sb / React with oxygen,
Bi / forming oxides.
Cu
Hg
Ag / Fairly unreactive.
Pt / Form oxides only
Au / indirectly.
Activity of Halogen Nonmetals
F2
Cl2
Br2
I2