Pest Management Plans for Major Crops of
Shaanxi Project Area, World Bank Agricultural Technology Project
Cotents
1. Provincial plan of diseases and pests management
1.1 Management of institution and its function
1.2 Pesticide Presentation
1.3 Occurrence and controlling of disease and pest in item province
2. Management Plan of diseases, pests and weeds in project area
2.1 The new controlling measures
2.2 List of pesticides recommended:
2.3 Management of diseases, pests and weeds in the experimental area
2.4 Training of diseases and pests management technology
2.5 Results evaluation and report of management plan
3. Concrete measures
3.1 Enforce the prediction of diseases and pests
3.2 Enforce the pesticides management.
3.3 Enforce training farmers
3.4 Compensate the loss of farmers
3.5 Strengthen the research on IPM
Management plan of Hanyin sub-project
1. Agriculture fundamental information
2. Major diseases and pests analyzation in mulberry fields.
2.1 Diseases
2.2 Pests.
3. Measures Design of IPM
3.1 Pre-Protection, Enforcing integrated control
3.2 Control measures
4.Control measures for main diseases and pests
4.1 Mulberry sclerotinia rot
4.2 Mulberry dwarf
4.3 Mulberry small weevil
4.4 Mulberry yellow tail moth
4.5 Kill trunk and branch insects with insecticide
5. Project content and implementation
5.1 Project Organization
5.2 Establishment of diseases and pests prediction system
6. Monitoring and evaluation of the system
7. Achievement extentsion
7.1 Decrease chemical fertilizer
7.2 Decrease application of pesticide, cease high-toxicity pesticide application
7.3 Increase yield and improve quality
1. Plan of Grape IPM Sub-project
1.1 Current cultivation status in project area
1.2 Status analysis of main pests
1.3 Consist of the mainly pest
2.2 Loss caused by diseases and pests
2.3 Evaluation of control measures
3. Integrated control measures to main diseases and pests
3.1 Principles
3.2 Control measures
3.3 Reasonable use of chemical pesticides
3.4 Control measures comparison before and after project
4. Construction content and implementation
4.1 Organization
4.2 Forecast system construction
4.3 Training of plant protection agents and demonstration household
5. Monitoring and evaluation
Provincial plan of diseases and pests management
1 Management of diseases, pests and weeds in Shaanxi province
1.1 Management of institution and its function
Management system of diseases and pests, constituted of four levels of country, province, city and town, has been conducted in China at present. Every institution manages the diseases and pests, supervises pesticides quality, detects residual of pesticides according to its duty.
Agro-technicalExtensionCenter of China is the top management institution, responsible for forecasting of the diseases and pests, IPM, extension of pesticides and instruments, and plant quarantine. Agriculture Ministry Pesticide Detecting Institution, in charge of the pesticides register, quality inspection and residual detection, is the management of pesticides in country level. In order to legally manage production, operation and sale of the pesticide, and diseases and pests, Pesticide Management Ordinance and Plant Quarantine Ordinance were enacted by the State Council, Enforcement Measures of Pesticides Management Ordinance and Enforcement Particulars of Plant Quarantine Ordinance were constituted by the Ministry of Agriculture. At the same time, Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-technical Extension Center of China had framed serial criteria, prescripts and measures of diseases and pests forecasting, IPM, pesticides management and plant quarantine, which had been widely conducted and more effective in specification controlling, legally application of the pesticide.
In recent years, the Ministry of Agriculture had conducted action, including air pollution treatment, agricultural resources utilization and watering cleanly, to insure the agricultural product quality in the whole country. High poisonous pesticides were forbidden to register or cancelled on the basis of reinforcing management to five high-poisonous organophosphor pesticides ( methamidophos etc.) by Ministry of Agriculture. ( 1 ) forbidden pesticides: Agrocide, DDT, Toxapene ( 3956 ), Dibromochloropropane ( BBC 12 ), Chlordimeform, Fluoroacetamide, Gliftor, Tetramine ( TME ), Sodium fluoroacetate (1080), Silatranes (RS 150), Nitrofen (FW 925), Alandrin, Dieldrin, Arsenic, Lead, TF 128;( 2 ) pesticides forbidden or limited using in vegetable, fruit tree, tea and Chinese traditional medicine : Dichlorvos (DDV), Methamidophos, Methyl paraoxon, Paraoxon, Monocrotophos, Phosphamidon, Phorate, Isofenphos-methyl, M82, Sulfotep, 1059, Carbofuran, Aldicarb, Phenamiphos, Phosfolan, Coumaphos, Fonofos, Isazofos and Dicofol were forbidden to use in tea trees. All of the pesticides were confined using only within the registered range.
Shaanxi Plant Protection Station was the institution in province level, which managed the diseases and pests of crops plants in Shaanxi province, responsible for the inspecting of diseases, pests, weeds, rats, and its forecast, framed the integrated controlling criterion and directed farmer to conduct, researched, developed and extended the new plant protection technique, recommended to farmers the practicable pesticides ( safe, effective, low-poisonous, low residual ).
Shaanxi Pesticide Manage-Detecting Institutionwas the institution in province level, which was responsible for the registering, supervising, managing the labels, inspecting the incompetent pesticides including non-certificate, counterfeit, and the transferential production, supervising application safely, auditing ad. and detecting the pesticide residual.
City ( country ) Plant Protection Quarantine Station was the institution in city ( country ) level, which managed the local diseases and pests of crop, responsible for the pre-alarming to local diseases, pests, weeds and rats, recommending the pesticides to farmers, managing of the integrated controlling, supervising the pesticides market, directing the use of pesticides and techniques of nuisancefree production, detecting the pesticide residual.
Town Agro-technical Integrated Service Station was the institution in town level, which was responsible for the investigation of diseases, pests, weeds and rats in local town, directed farmers to control the diseases, pests, weeds, rats according to criterion published by higher agency, recommended practicable pesticides to the farmers on the basis of local condition, supervised the local pesticides quality and reported the results to the superior agency.
1.2 Pesticide Presentation
At present, the plan, direction and supervision of pesticide production are responded by Chemical Industry Department of Chinese State Council. Province Chemical Industry Department issued the certificate and documents of pesticides production to the local agency. The management to pesticide industry was enforced, which led the industry structure of pesticides develop scientifically and internationally. The pesticide industry dealt with the production legally according to the criterion. At present there are more than two thousands industries and ten thousands pesticides all over the country. There are above forty pesticide industries in Shaanxi province and the production could reaches 1,5000 tons.
The agency which sold the pesticides included the agricultural resources company, Agro-technique station, plant protection station, soil and fertilizer station, institution of forest diseases and pests controlling, the direct agency of the company. The industry wholesaled pesticides to the shopkeeper and the latter sold them to farmers. Above 100 pesticides, including insecticides 35%, fungicide 40%, herbicide 10~15% and other 10%, were sold, one which had the certification entirely could be protected, otherwise, forbidden.
1.3 Occurrence and controlling of disease and pest in item province
1.3.1 Occurrence:
Wheat: Pests included underground pests, aphids, red spider, gall midge. Wheat diseases included stripe rust, sharp eyespot, leaf blotch, powdery mildew, head blight. The epidemic level of wheat stripe rust has significant difference in different years. The wheat head blight occurred in some years. Seeds in wheat field included cleavers, etc.
Rice: Pests included rice grasshopper, rice leaf folder, rice caddice fly, rice moth borer, paddy borer. In recent 2 years, rice grasshopper and moth borer have more serious tendency. Diseases included rice blast, sheath blight, false smut. Seeds in rice field included Cockspur grass, etc.
Maize: Pests included corn borer, corn red spider, corn thrips, underground pests, corn cutworm moth, common army worm. Diseases included corn leaf spot minor, northern leaf blight, corn dwarf mosaic, physiological disease. Seeds in maize field included Cynosarus grass, etc.
Fruit tree: Pests includes red spider, scale, scarab, leaf miner, leaf roller, aphid. Diseases included valsa canker, gloeosporium rot, powdery mildew, leaf spot, perennial canker, physiological disease. Weeds in orchards included Indigo plant, Inferior meal, Asiatic plantain, etc.
Vegetable: Pests included aphid, red spider, underground, cabbage caterpillar, common army worm, thrips, leguminous pod-borer, cucurbit leaf beetle, turnip, leafhopper, leaf beetle, cricket. Diseases included downy mildew, anthrancnose, powdery mildew, virus, white rot, etc. Weeds in vegetable field included cockspur grass, Purslane, etc.
1.3.2 Controlling
Wheat: The controlling strategy should be conducted according to the actual occurrence of diseases and pests on the basis of resistant cultivars. Seeds coated with pesticides should be applied to prevent the soil insect according to the species. Mites should be mainly controlled in early spring. Resistant cultivars should be used to control rust disease and powdery mildew at the initial stage in local sites. Disease and pests in early stage should be conducted with the techniques of “ one spraying and three protecting ” in May.. weeds in wheat field should be pulled out and sprayed herbicides ( Matrix etc. ).
Rice: The controlling strategy should be conducted according to the actual occurrence pattern of diseases and pests on the basis of agricultural measures ( watering scientifically and deep plough et.), including cleaning seedling bed during the sowing time, sowing with pesticide during transplanting, controlling the pests in medium time and extending the technique of “ two protecting and one spraying ” during the tasseling stage. The herbicide should be extended to remove the weeds in rice field.
Maize: There were more less kinds of diseases and pests, and 3 steps as below were necessary for controlling them. First, seeds coated with pesticides were used to prevent the soil insects, Second, corn worm was controlled during trump stage，Finally, corn leaf spot minor and larger were controlled in the serious infected fields. The controlling measures were to spray the fungicides and biological pesticides. The herbicides ( Acetochlor, Atrazine, etc. ) and manual methods were more effective.
Fruit tree: There were many kinds of diseases and pests in the fruit trees. The special controlling measures, including trapping and killing by light, sexual attractant, controlling mites with mites, spraying biological pesticides and effective low-toxicity & residual pesticides, should be conducted according to the different diseases and pests in the orchard on the basis of cleaning location and brushing the trunks. The most important events were spraying volumes and intervals in order to prevent the diseases and pests from resistance as well as residual. The recommend herbicides were Apache.
Vegetable: The controlling of vegetable diseases and pests was more difficult because of the kinds of diseases and pests increasing, and generations overlapping with the extension of cultivated technique. The controlling measures should be conducted by resistant cultivars, crop rotation, plowing deeply and shining, spraying biological pesticides and effective low-toxicity & residual pesticides on the basis of agricultural measures. The manual measures and herbicides were necessary to remove the weeds.
2. Management Plan of diseases, pests and weeds in project area
2.1 The new controlling measures
The controlling measures of diseases, pests and weeds should be on the basis of IPM, and develop gradually towards the sustainable controlling techniques. Applying the inner function of ecosystem, enforcing the natural controlling factors, widely applying the non-chemical measures and decreasing the poisonous pesticides, should be conducted with the unit of ecosystem and on basis of integrated system adjustment. The damage, caused by diseases, pests and weeds, should be kept under the economic threshold by the use of adjustment technology scientifically and the accurate prediction. The centered objects of diseases and pests were to optimize system structure with perfect resistant cultivars and scientific cultivation technology.
Specific measures as bellowing :
Establishing the scientific prediction system to insure the accuracy reach to above 90%.
Formulating scientific controlling criterion.
Selecting the priority cultivars
Rational fertilizer and water management, more farm manure and fertilizer formulate to enhance the resistance of plant.
Optimizing the ecosystem including planting more grasses in orchard, applying and protecting the natural enemy, decreasing the use of the pesticides, extending the biological pesticides such as validamycin etc, extending agricultural measures ( crop rotation and plowing deeply ) to control the diseases, pests and weeds.
Effective，low-toxicity & residual pesticides will be applied on the basis of experiments, forbidding the poisonous pesticides.
2.2 List of pesticides recommended:
Wheat: Phoxim, Aimcocyper, Attatox, Acidazim, Acizol, Embassador, Matrix, Alon, Puma.
Maize: Admire, Mancozeb, Bovinox, Acetochlor, Atrazine.
Rice: Fipronil, Hotathion, Applaud, Validamycin, Blascide, Embassador, Acord, Aimchlor.
Fruit tree: Hotathion, Abamectin, Lime sulfur mixture, Aimcocyper, Adagio, Chlorbenzuron, Agretol, Thiophanate methyl, Dhiophante methyl, Daconic, Embassador, Carbendazim, Mancozeb, Bordeaux, Apache.
Vegetable: B.t., Aimcocyper, Mostar, Puma, Hotathion, Abamectin, Daconic, Mancozeb.
The pesticides above were all safe, effective, low residual and toxicity, according the prescription of pesticide management recommended by production standard and norm on some crops in Shaanxi province.
2.3 Management of diseases, pests and weeds in the experimental area
2.3.1 Forecasting group
Prediction of diseases and pests was the base and precondition of implementing control. So the experiment area of Shaanxi province would establish 20 new sites monitoring diseases, pests and weeds, complete 4 forecast station construction and monitor the occurrence of disease, pest and weed in sub-experiment area systematically. Perfect information transmitting system, improved the efficiency and accuracy, trained the staff.
2.3.2 Implementing group
Specialist staff was grouped in provincial level to manage and direct the control of diseases, pests and weeds in each sub-projects. Specialist staff mainly composes of experts from NorthwestA&FUniversity and Plant Protection Station of Shaanxi Province. Each sub-project had the specialist staff to support sub-project technology, and was responsible for the formulation and implement of the control measures.
2.4 Training of diseases and pests management technology
2.4.1 The content and materials of training
Objects included the technical personnel, household in the project area implement. They were trained on the occurrence principle of diseases and pests, control measures, knowledge of pesticides and pesticide apparatus. pesticides and how to use apparatus. The trained manual was complied by specialists staff in provincial level, which consists of the technology and the management calendar of diseases and pests to guarantee one book per executer and each household.
2.4.2 Training plan
There was a systematic training at the early project. After that, they would be trained on the control technology of the crop before it was cultivated. Then there was a brief training at the key period of diseases and pests control. Every farmer can acquaint himself with the occurrence pattern of crop diseases and pests and mastered the control measures.
2.4.3 Funds budget
See the fund budget of sub-project
2.5 Results evaluation and report of management plan
2.5.1 Expected objects
The objects of the project was “ three increase and three decrease ”. That was increase yield, synergy, enhancing the capacity of ecology adjustment, reducing the loss, dosage of pesticides and lighten the pollution.
Concrete objects see below:
( 1 ) implement IPM in experimental area and total area above 90%.
( 2 ) The accuracy of main diseases and pests was improved from 70% to 90%.
( 3 ) the ratio of loss cut down from 10% to 5%.
( 4 ) implement all-round continuous control, and attain positive cycle of economic benefits, effect upon social and ecological benefits.
2.5.2 Project Monitor
Drafting the monitoring plan, establishing monitoring groups in provincial level monitor and track the sub-project, If some problems were found, they would be corrected in time. At the end of year ( crop cycle ), management to diseases and pests would be tested and made a conclusion.
2.5.3 Report on Implementation effects.
Every sub-project gave the conclusion report of the year at the end of November and reported to headquarters. The headquarters gave the conclusion reports before the end of February and prepare for the checking by experts.
3. Concrete measures
3.1 Enforce the prediction of diseases and pests
Sub-project organization should coordinate with local Agro-technique station and plant protection station to predict the occurrence of diseases and pests.
3.2 Enforce the pesticides management.
Limited pesticides were forbidden to sell. Pesticides were bought and sale unifiedly in the project area. According to the prediction, the diseases and pests were controlled unifiedly in the project area.
3.3 Enforce training farmers
Many farmers were trained in each sub-project in order to improve their cnsciousness to environment protection and plant protection.
3.4 Compensate the loss of farmers
In order to encourage farmers to apply IPM technology and reduce the use of pesticides, it was necessary to compensate the loss for farmers because of stopping using high toxicity and high residual pesticides. At the same time, extension, the price of agricultural products and the income of farmers were increased.
3.5 Strengthen the research on IPM
IPM technology was a developing technology. With the change of farmland ecological communities, the diseases, pests and weeds of crops would change. In order to apply IPM to harmful organism, the research on IPM should be strengthened greatly. During the research on diseases, pests and weeds of crops, the research on natural enemies such as spiders and frogs should be strengthened particularly, moreover the research on new technology. Only mastered the principle of farmland biological community, the control can be carried out definitely, the loss would be reduced greatly.