PAST PAPER QUESTIONS FOR COMPONENT ONE
DEVELOPING PHYSICAL AND MENTAL CAPACITY
JUNE 2014
16) Describe three effects of a six month training programme on muscles (3)
Three marks for three from:
1. Increase in size / mass(of muscle fibres)/hypertrophy/ increase in
growth (of muscles)
2. Increase in strength (of muscle fibres) / tone / power/force or increase
in strength of ligaments/tendons
3. Increase in speed (of contraction)
4. Increase in muscular endurance/last longer/ less time to fatigue
5. Increase in flexibility/stretch further(of muscle)/elasticity
6. Increased tolerance to lactic acid
7. Increase in recovery rate / recovers quicker
8. Increased rate of removal of lactic acid /reduce the build-up of lactic
acid or produce less lactic acid
9. Greater potential for energy production/more energy available
10. Size/number of mitochondria increased
11. Increase in myoglobin (within muscle cells)
12. Increase in capillaries in muscles /more oxygen/ haemoglobin to
(working) muscles
13. Helps prevent injury/helps recovery from injury
14. Causes injury / strains / damage/ can decrease mobility
19) Describe, using practical example for each what is meant by the following terms for the roles of muscles in movement:
•Agonist
•Antagonist
•Synergist
•Antagonistic Pairs (4)
Four marks for four from:
1. (Agonist) – The muscle that produces the movement
/contracts/shortens or prime mover or the working muscle
E.g. biceps in biceps curl
2. (Antagonist) – Works to counter /opposes the action / relaxes/
lengthens (of the agonist) or it controls the movement/the agonist
E.g. the triceps in the biceps curl
3. (Synergist) – This helps the agonist/prime mover to produce the
movement or they are neutralisers or stabilise or supports the
joint/body/movement
E.g. the stabilising muscle (brachialis) in the biceps curl
4. (Antagonistic pairs) – when the agonist and antagonist work together
or when one muscle contracts the other relaxes or when one muscle
lengthens the other shortens
E.g. biceps and triceps in the biceps curl
22) Describe the structure and use of cartilage within joints (3)
Three marks for three from:
Two marks max for structure:
1. (Soft) connective tissue
2. Tough or elastic material
3. Has no blood supply
4. Does not heal very easily when torn
5. Receives nutrition from surrounding capillaries
6. There are different types of cartilage or there is yellow elastic/hyaline
or white fibro cartilage
Two marks max for use of cartilage:
7. (white fibo) cartilage can act as a shock absorber/ cushion
8. Prevents friction / prevents bones rubbing together or wear and tear
9. (Hyaline cartilage) can protect the (articulating) surfaces of bones
10. Helps to connect some bones
SPECIMEN PAPER
16) How can physical activity keep our joints healthy (2)
-Strengthening the connective tissue
-Strengthening muscle
-Keeping an varied exercise programme
-Exercising regularly but with capabilities of younger person
17) Name one long term effect of exercise on the heart and the lungs. Describe how this effect enables people to follow an active healthy lifestyle (2)
-Lower resting heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output
-Better lung and tidal volumes
-Prevent heart disease
-To be able to keep going
-To recover quicker
-Be able to exercise without risk of health problems
-To avoid lung disease / problems
-
JANUARY 2010
19) Explain, using practical examples, how a healthy, active lifestyle can maintain and develop the health of muscle (5)
-Elasticity of muscles
-Build muscle / hypertrophy / more fibres / strengthen muscle
-Develop a good range of muscle
-Less likely to get injured
-Healthy eating
-Resting muscles
-Rehabilitation / physiotherapy
-Increase in speed
-Increase power
-More endurance
MUST include practical examples of the above to gain a mark
20) Explain why mental preparation can enable fair play and improve performance in physical activities (4)
-Helps control emotions / arousal / calms you down
-Make you more logical / calmer decisions / play fairer
-Cope better with stress / anxiety
-Helps concentration / selective attention
-React quicker
-Raises confidence
-Raises motivation / “psychs” you up
23) Explain the function of synovial fluid in joints (3)
-Lubricates the joint
-Protects and prevents injury
-Ensures smooth efficient movement
-Secreted by synovial membrane
-Nourishes the cartilage
-Helps stabilise the joint
MAY 2010
20) Identify two major muscle groups of the upper body that are used when performing a standing throw of a ball. Explain how an activelifestyle can keep muscles healthy.
Five marks available.
Two marks max for: (mark first two only)
1 Deltoids
2 Trapezius
3 Latissimus Dorsi
4 Pectorals
5 Biceps
6 Triceps
7 Abdominals
Accept other relevant muscle groups
Three marks max for: (explain how activity can keep muscles healthy)
8 Makes them stronger/more powerful
9 Bigger/hypertrophy/more toned
10 Less likely to strain/injury
11 Good blood/oxygen supply
12 Increase tolerance to lactic acid/tire less easily
13 Can keep going/helps (muscular) endurance
21) Why is lactic acid produced in our muscles? Briefly describe the effects of lactic acid.
Four marks max. One mark for each correct response.
Two marks max for:
1 Produced because of lack of oxygen
2 After prolonged/hard high intensity exercise/overworked/working too hard
Three marks max for:
3 Causes fatigue/tiredness
4 May cause us to stop
5 Performer has to slow down/decreases effectiveness
6 Can hurt/painful/aches/soreness
23) Describe the main functions of the skeletal system that keep the body healthy and active.
Five marks max. One mark for each correct response.
1 Shape/support
2 Eg to give correct posture/supporting muscular system
3 Blood cell (red) production
4 Eg to enable us to have energy
5 Mineral production/store
6 Eg to keep us fit and healthy/body needs to be healthy
7 Protection
8 Eg to protect internal organs
9 To be able to move/keep moving/being mobile
10 Eg to be able to participate in physical exercise/acts as muscle attachment
11 Leverage
12 Eg to be able to make strong/effective movements
JANUARY, 2011
Identify and describe two functions of the skeletal system. (4)
Four marks for four from:
2 marks max for i/d (odd numbers)
2 marks max for description (even numbers)
1 Shape/support/structure
2 To help posture/keep shape of body/hold up
3 Blood cell production
4 Blood cells important for energy/minerals/carrying oxygen/to fight infection
5 Protection
6 Avoids injury/allows risk free movement/protects (vital) organs
7 Movement/leverage
8 Provides ability to move/lift/throw etc in physical activities/muscle attachment
9 Mineral store
10 Stores minerals for health such as calcium
Describe four long term effects of exercise on muscles. (4)
Four marks for four from:
1 Increase in size (of muscle fibres)/hypertrophy of muscles
2 Increase in strength (of muscle fibres)/tone/power
3 Increase in muscular endurance/last longer
4 Increase in flexibility(of muscle)/elasticity
5 Increased tolerance to lactic acid
6 Increased rate of removal of lactic acid
7 Greater potential for energy production/more energy available
8 Size/number of mitochondria increased
9 Increase in myoglobin (within muscle cells)
10 Increase in capillaries in muscles/more oxygen/haemoglobin to (working) muscles
11 Helps prevent injury/helps recovery from injury
12 Causes injury/strains/damage/can decrease mobility
MAY, 2011
Give three short term effects of exercise on the heart.
3 marks for 3 from:
- Increase in heart/pulse rate
- Increase in cardiac output / more blood pumped out per minute
- Increase in stroke volume / increase in blood (pumped out per beat)
Explain when and how lactic acid affects the ability of the body to maintain physical activity.
4 marks for 4 from:
- During exercise
- When there is a lack of oxygen / anaerobic
- When working hard/high intensity activity
- Builds up in muscle
- Causes fatigue / tiredness
- Causes pain / discomfort / aches / soreness
- So more likely to stop the activity
- Decrease performance level in the activity / slows you down
JANUARY, 2012
Describe three long term effects of exercise on the muscular system.
1. Increase in size (of muscle fibres)/hypertrophy ofmuscles / increase in muscle fibres
2. Increase in strength/power/speed (of muscle fibres) /increase in muscle tone
3. Increased tolerance to lactic acid/onset of fatiguedelayed
4. Greater potential for energy production/more energyavailable / increase in energy stores
5. Size/number of mitochondria increased
6. Increase in myoglobin (within muscle cells)
7. More oxygen to working muscles / increase in blood flow/ increase in capillaries
8. Increased (muscular) endurance
9. Increased flexibility
10. Increased rate of removal of lactic acid
11. Causes injuries
12. Helps prevent injuries
Tendonitis can be a barrier to participating in physical activities.
Describe the symptoms of tendonitis. (3)
1. Inflammation of the tendon / redness
2. Skin can be warm/hot
3. Tenderness / painful
4. Swelling can occur
5. Reduction in mobility/can’t move very well/ stiffness /Weakness
Describe the structure of a joint. Give an example of a hinge joint. (4)
1. Where two or more bones meet
2. Has a joint capsule
3. Has synovial fluid
4. Synovial membrane
5. Has cartilage (on articulating surfaces)
6. Has ligaments (linking bone to bone)
(1 mark max for example of a hinge joint)
7. Elbow or knee or ankle
JUNE 2012
19) Identify where synovial fluid is found and explain its function (4)
4 marks from:
1 mark sub max for identifying location:
- Found in / around (synovial) joints
3 marks sub max for function:
- It lubricates the joint
- Thus protecting (cartilage)/prevents injury/ wear and tear
- Ensures smooth/unobstructed/ efficient movement/ prevents friction/ stiffness / pain
- This is secreted into the joint by the synovial membrane. eg knee joint
- Nourishes the cartilage/ keeps joint healthy
- Helps to stabilise the joint
21) Describe how lactic acid affects the ability of the body to maintain physical activity (3)
3 marks from:
1. Builds up during exercise / builds up/ produced in muscle/ when there is a lack of oxygen / when working hard / high intensity activity
2. Causes fatigue/tiredness
3. Causes pain / discomfort / stiffness/ soreness/ aching
4. So more likely to stop
5. Can lead to decrease performance / activity / restricts movements / slows you down/ can’t do as much
22) Explain using practical examples how an active lifestyle can be good for the health of muscles (6)
6 marks from:
1. Helps with the elasticity of muscles prevents stiffness
2. Practical examples – stretching during warm–ups/cool downs
3. Muscle use can build muscle/hypertrophy/build more fibres/strengthens muscles stops weakening of muscles / stops reversibility / keeps toned/ stops muscle wastage / atrophy
4. Practical examples – regular walking/running gardening/training/exercise classes
5. Variety of exercise will maintain and strengthen / develop a good range of muscles
6. Practical examples – varied trained methods/walking and swimming
7. Less likely for injury
8. Practical examples – regular exercise maintains health/posture
9. Improve recovery/ increases rate of lactic acid removal/ Resting muscles/recuperation (after injury) can help to maintain and heal
10. Practical examples – resting during and after exercise
11. Rehabilitation/specialist therapy/ physiotherapy/ massage can help to maintain and develop
12. Practical examples – if pulled a muscle then go to doctor to be referred/go to physio for treatment/use rehab exercises
13. Increase in speed
14. Practical examples – can run faster
15. Increase power
16. Practical examples – can lift/do physical work more effectively
17. More endurance/can work for longer/ increase tolerance to lactic acid/ increase in 02/ more efficient/ increase energy production
18. Practical examples – can keep going/not get tired
JANUARY 2013
19) Giving a practical example for each, describe what is meant by adduction and abduction in joint movements (4)
Four marks for four from:
Sub max three marks from:
1. (adduction) is movement towards (the midline of) the body
2. Eg In swimming the propulsive/kicking of the legs during the breaststroke leg kick involves adduction
3. (abduction) is movement away from (the midline of) the body
4. Eg Box splits in gymnastics shows abduction
20) Describe three long term effects of exercise on the heart and three long long term effects of exercise on the lungs (6)
Six marks for six from:
Three marks sub max heart
1. Increase size/muscle of heart/hypertrophy/heart is stronger
2. Increase in stroke volume (resting/maximum)/ more blood per beat
3. Increase in (maximum) cardiac output/more blood (per minute)
4. Decrease in (resting) heart rate
5. Decrease in likelihood of CHD or related heart problems/healthier heart
Three marks sub max lungs
6. Increase in lung volume or capacity/increase in resting lung volume/increase in alveoli/more air or more oxygen
7. Increased capillarisation
8. Increase in (maximum) pulmonary ventilation
9. Increase in minute volume
10. Increase in tidal volume
11. Increase in strength of respiratory muscles
12. Decrease in lung disease/healthier lungs
JUNE 2013
19) Identify the type of joint found at the knee. Explain the role of the quadriceps and the hamstrings in flexing the knee (4)
1 mark sub max for named joint:
1. Hinge/synovial hinge.
3 marks sub max for the role of muscles in flexion at knee:
2 marks sub max for quads
2. Quads will help by stabilising/working against/opposes the hamstrings
3. Quads relax/lengthen
4. Quads are the antagonists.
2 marks sub max for hams
5. Hamstrings will bend the knee
6. Hamstrings will contract/shorten
7. Hamstrings are the agonists/the prime mover.
22) Describe tendonitis and suggest one way in which this might be avoided (4)
4 marks for 4 from:
Sub max 3 marks for description:
1. Often through overuse (of tendon)
2. Tenderness/sensitivity (of tendons) increased/painful/sore (tendon)
3. Swelling of area
4. Rise in temperature (of surrounding connective tissue)/ inflammation/redness
5. Reduced movement/stiffness.
Sub max 1 mark for avoidance strategy:
6. Avoid repetitive movements or not doing too much at any one time or to rest or strengthen the muscles/ tendons or to bandage/ice/anti-inflammatory painkillers/steroid injection or surgery (in extreme cases)or antibiotics (if infected)/appropriate footwear/ appropriate equipment/correct technique/treatment.
23) When does the build up of lactic acid occur? Identify two effects of the build up of lactic acid (3)
25) Explain the short and long term effects that regular exercise has on the heart (6)
Programme is relevant and should include the following
principles or within the description the principles arerecognised:
(Overload)
Work harder than normal/puts body under stress/adaptation
will follow/comes about by increasingfrequency/intensity/duration
Eg Lifting heavier weights.
(Specificity)
Training should be particular/relevant to needs
(Do not accept specific on its own withoutexplanation)/relevant energy
system used/relevant muscle groups used
Eg choosing main musclegroups used in activity to trainfor strength.
(Progression)
(Gradually) becomes more difficult/demanding/challenging g/once adapted then moredemands on body
Eg Doing more repetitions ofsprints at each trainingsession.
(Reversibility)
Performance can deteriorate if training stops/decreases
COMPONENTS OF FITNESS
SPECIMEN PAPER
22) Explain how you would assess someone’s readiness for cardiovascular exercise and flexibility so that they can participate in physical activities. (6)
-Investigate about health / fitness history and current health
-Investigate reasons for programme
-Observe the subject
-Use a suitable test to establish levels of fitness
-Describe CV test
-Describe flexibility test
-Medical checks / blood pressure
-Use of tests to motivate
-
JANUARY, 2010
16) Other than being aesthetic, identify two other characteristics of skilful movement, giving a practical example for each (4)
-Efficient / effortless
-Pre-determined
-Consistent
-Co-ordinated
-Confidant
-Fluent / flowing / smooth
-Success, technical, more likely to win
-Learned
24) One way of assessing the body’s readiness for exercise is through health screening. Identify three other ways of assessing the body’s readiness to perform (3)
-Fitness tests
-BMI
-CV tests – Cooper run/ MSFT / Harvard Step
-Strength test – dynamometer test
-Muscular Endurance – sit up test
-Speed Test – 30m sprint test
-Agility / Balance / Co-ordination test
-Flexibility test – sit and reach test
-Power test – standing broad jump
-Questionnaires
-Visual assessment
25) Describe how you would evaluate and help to improve someone’s performance in a physical activity (6)
EVALUATE:
-Observe / watch performance
-Time / take measurements of performance
-Identify strengths and weaknesses
-Assess against previous targets
-Use peer assessment
-Self assessments
-Fitness tests
IMPROVEMENTS:
-Goal setting
-Encourage
-Punish if failure
-Show role models
-Set practises / teach skills / techniques
-Monitor progress
-Educate them
-Improve fitness
-Improve psychological readiness
MAY 2010
16) Describe three characteristics of a skilful movement (3)
1 Efficiency/economic/effortless – (eg no wasted energy when hitting a ball in tennis)
2 Pre-determined – (eg the gymnast knows her routine well before she starts)
3 Co-ordinated – (eg the footballer can jump and do a ‘bicycle kick’ successfully)
4 Fluent/fluid/smooth– (eg the rugby player picks up the ball and passes in one flowing movement)
5 Aesthetic (eg the netball player shoots the ball using the correct technique that looks good)
6 Being creative (eg a footballer can disguise a pass)
7 Successful/good technique (eg a basketballer shows the correct shooting technique
8 Controlled (eg a volleyball player controls a dig)
9 Perform at speed (eg a netball player passes with speed)
10 Consistent (eg a tennis player serves well every time she serves)
11 Learned (eg a trampolinist learns a new technique of somersault)
12 Confident (eg a cricketer shows confidence when playing a forward defensive shot)
17) Describe, using practical examples, performance and outcome goal setting when trying to improve performance in a physical activity (6)
Performance:
1 Performance relates to techniques/skills/how well you carry out skills
2 Suitable practical example, eg set a goal to improve my forehand in tennis