Grammar pages

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1 / Past continuous: affirmative, negative and questions / 2
2 / Past Continuous and past simple / 5
3 / Past habits: used to / 14
4 / Modals of obligation / 19
5 / Modals: possibility, uncertainty, impossibility, certainty / 33
6 / Reflexive – Emphatic Pronouns myself, yourself etc / 41
7 / Consolidation Present and past, simple and continuous / 46

Past continuous:
affirmative, negative and questions

I was reading, we were reading

I wasn’t reading, we weren’t reading

Was she reading? Were you reading?

A bit of theory.

We use the past continuous to describe a continuing situation. We often interrupt a continuing situation with a sudden event.

Julia phoned me at 7.30. I was having a bath.

Statements / Last month I was working in Brazil.
I was sitting / He was sitting / We were sitting
You were sitting / She was sitting / They were sitting
It was sitting
Negatives / The teacher was talking, but Harry wasn’t listening.
was not = wasn’t weren’t = were not
I wasn’t sitting / He wasn’t sitting / We weren’t sitting
You weren’t sitting / She wasn’t sitting / They weren’t sitting
It wasn’t sitting
Questions / Were they working in the office?
Was I sitting? / Was he sitting? / Were we sitting?
Were you sitting? / Was she sitting? / Were they sitting?
Was it sitting?
Wh-questions / What were you doing at 6.00? Who was he talking to?
Steve was eating in the restaurant when the fire started.
Examples / Carmen wasn’t teaching in 2010, she was studying.
Were you eating dinner when I phoned?
  1. Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Continuous.

a) Anna was reading a book(read a book)

b) Paula and Jim ...... (play football)

c) Tim ...... (write on the board)

d) Kate and Bill ...... (listen to music)

e) Sam ...... (look out of the window)

f) Ed and Lisa...... (draw pictures)

g) Nick ...... (use a computer)

h) Carol and Dora ...... (talk)

  1. Make negative sentences.

a) Anna was drawing pictures (Anna wasn’t drawing pictures) .

b) Paula and Jim were using a computer......

c) Tim was reading a book......

d) Kate and Bill were writing on the board......

e) Sam was talking......

f) Ed and Lisa were listening to music......

g) Nick was looking out of the window......

h) Carol and Dora were playing football......

  1. Make questions.

a) Tim/draw pictures Was Tim drawing pictures...... ?

b) Kate and Bill/use a computer ...... ?

c) Ed and Lisa/ read a book...... ?

d) Paula and Jim/write on the board ...... ?

e) Anna/talk ...... ?

f) Sam/listen to music ...... ?

g) Carol and Dora/look out of the window ...... ?

h) Nick/play football...... ?

  1. Put the verbs in brackets into the past continuous tense.
  1. Detective: I’m afraid I must ask you both what you (do) yesterday at 10.20 p.m.

Mr X: I (play) chess with my wife.

Mr Y: I (listen) to a play on the radio.

  1. The children were frightened because it (get) dark.
  2. It was a fine day and the roads were crowded because a lot of people (rush) to the seaside.
  3. The aeroplane in which the football team (travel) crashed soon after taking off.
  4. He usually wears sandals but when I last saw him he (wear) boots.
  5. The house was in great disorder because he (redecorate) it.
  6. The director didn’t allow the actors to travel by air while they (work) on the film.
  7. The car had nobody in it but the engine (run).
  8. Two children (play) on the sand and two fishermen (lean) against an upturned boat.
  9. I was alone in the house at that time because Mr Jones (work) in the garage and Mrs Jones (shop).
  10. He said that he was the captain of a ship which (sail) that night for Marseilles.
  11. Are you going to Rome? I thought that you (go) to Milan.
  12. My wife and I (talk) about you the other day.
  13. When I first met him he (study) painting.
  14. There was a strong smell and the sound of frying. Obviously Mrs Jones (cook) fish.

Past Continuous and past simple

I was walking, I walked

We often contrast a continuing situation with a sudden event.

Statements / I was writing a letter at 7.00.(continuing situation)
Paul phoned at 8.00.(sudden event)
I was writing a letter when Paul phoned.
While I was writing a letter, Paul phoned.
While I was waiting for the bus, I saw the accident.
(continuing situation) / (sudden event)
I started waiting for the bus at 10.00.
I saw the accident at 10.30.
I saw the accident while I was waiting for the bus.
I was waiting for the bus when I saw the accident.
Questions / What were you doing when I phoned?
I was writing a letter when you phoned.
When did you see the accident?
I saw the accident while I was waiting for the bus.
  1. Choose the correct words underlined in each sentence.

a) While I was doing/did my homework, I had a good idea.

b) Jim was breaking/broke his leg when he was playing golf.

c) When I arrived, I was going/went into the kitchen.

d) We were finding/found an old box while we were digging in the garden.

e) I was seeing/saw an old friend while I was waiting for the train.

f) While I had/was having a bath, the phone rang.

g) Anna was meeting/met Judy while she was doing some shopping.

h) While Joe was cooking/cooked lunch, Clare arrived.

i) Someone was taking/took Peter’s bag while he was making a phone call.

j) While Maria was walking home, she was losing/lost her money.

  1. Put the verb in brackets into the past simple or the past continuous.

a) When I (come) came home my family (do) was doing the garden.

b) For lunch yesterday Chris (eat) spaghetti.

c)When the teacher (come) into the room, two boys (play) football.

d) Peter (turn on) the TV, but nothing (happen).

e) When Helen (walk) to school, she (see) the old man again.

f) While we (run) in the park, Mary (fall over).

g) At 7.00 Tony (get) out of bed, and (go) into the bathroom.

h) While Kate (drink) some milk, she (drop) the glass.

i) While I (listen) to music, I (hear) the doorbell.

j) I (break) my pen while I (do) my homework.

  1. Complete the paragraph in the past simple or the past continuous.

Last week my friend Sandy and I (a) decided (decide) to go to the beach on the bus. While we (b) ………… (wait) for the bus, it suddenly (c) ……….. (start) to rain. We (d) ……….. (wear) summer clothes, and we (e) ………. (not have) an umbrella. While we (f) ………… (stand) there in the rain, Sandy’s mother (g) ………… (drive) past, so we (h) ………….(wave) to her. Luckily, she (i) …………. (notice) us, and (j) ………………(take) us home in the car.

  1. Complete the conversations. Use was/were, or use the past simple
    (I did, etc) or the past continuous (was doing, etc.) of the verb in brackets ( ).

1 / POLICEMAN: / What were you doing (you/do) when the accident happened (happen)?
COLIN: / I was at the bus-stop. I was waiting (wait) for a bus.
POLICEMAN: / ………………. (you/see) the accident?
COLIN: / No, because I ………….. (read) the newspaper.
2 / NICOLA: / I …………… (telephone) you at 9 o’clock last night but you were not at home.
MARTIN: / 9 o’clock? I …………… (sit) in a café, ………………. (drink) hot chocolate.
NICOLA: / …………………… Jane with you?
MARTIN: / No, she ………………. (work) in the library.
NICOLA: / Where ………………. (you/go) after the café?
MARTIN: / I ……………. (go) home.
3 / MUM: / Oh, no! My beautiful new plate. What happened?
ANGELA: / I’m really sorry, Mum. I ……… (break) it when I ……. (wash) it.
MUM: / How?
ANGELA: / My hands ………. (wet) and I ……… (drop) it on the floor.
4 / SOPHIE: / ………….. (you/think) yesterday’s exam ……….. difficult?
EDWARD: / No, not really, but I …………. (not/write) very much.
SOPHIE: / Why not?
EDWARD: / Because I ………… (dream) about my holidays.
5 / ANDREW: / There ………… a crash outside my house yesterday.
PIPPA: / What …………. (happen)?
ANDREW: / I don’t know. It ……………. (rain) but the drivers …………… (not/go) fast.
PIPPA: / Were they hurt?
ANDREW: / One man ……… (break) his arm and the other man …. (cut) his head.
6 / TRACY: / Pardon? I didn’t hear you. Could you repeat that, please?
NEIL: / I ……………… (not/talk) to you.
TRACY: / Who ………… (you/talk) to?
NEIL: / Sarah.
TRACY: / Oh, sorry.
  1. At 10.05 a.m. yesterday, there was a robbery at the Midwest Bank. You are a police officer and you are asking a man some questions about what he was doing, what other people were doing, and what he saw. Write the questions. Use was/were, the past simple (did you …) and the past continuous (were you …).

‘Now then, Mr Smith, I know you saw the robbery yesterday. I would like to ask you some questions. First of all, …

1 / What/you/do/at 10.05 a.m. yesterday?
What were you doing at 10.05 a.m. yesterday?
2 / Where/be/Joan Turner? ……………………………………………….?
3 / What/Mrs Jones/do? …………………………………………………..?
4 / Where/Mrs Walters/go? ………………………………………………?
5 / How many robbers/go/into the bank? ………………………………...?
6 / They/carry/guns? ……………………………………………………...?
7 / Where/the big car/wait? ………………………………………………?
8 / Driver/a man or a woman? ……………………………………………?
9 / You/see/a man in an old jacket on the corner? ………………………?
10 / Some men/repair/the road? …………………………………………?
11 / Anyone/wait/at the bus stop? …………………………………………?

Thank you, Mr Smith, that was very helpful!’

6. Put the verb in brackets into the past simple or the past continuous.

  1. As I (cross) the road I (step) on a banana skin and (fall) heavily.
  2. I still (lie) on the road when I (see) a lorry approaching.
  3. Luckily the driver (see) me and (stop) the lorry in time.
  4. How you (damage) your car so badly? – I (run) into a lamp-post yesterday. – I suppose you (drive) too quickly or were not looking where you (go).
  5. As he (get) into the bus it (start) suddenly and he (fall) backwards onto the road.
  6. I (call) Paul at 7.00 but it wasn’t necessary because he already (get) up.
  7. When he (mend) the fuse he (get) a very bad shock.
  8. When I (hear) his knock I (go) to the door and (open) it, but I (not recognize) him at first because I (not wear) my glasses.
  9. When I came in they (sit) round the fire. Mr Pitt (do) a crossword puzzle, Mrs Pitt (knit), the others (read). Mr Pitt (smile) at me and (say), ‘Come and sit down’.
  10. While the guests (dance) thieves (break) into the house and (steal) a lot of fur coats.
  11. The next day, as they (know) that the police (look) for them, they (hide) the coats in a wood and (go) off in different directions.
  12. She was very extravagant. She always (buy) herself new clothes.
  13. Her mother often (tell) her that she (spend) too much money but she never (listen).
  14. Whenever the drummer (begin) practicing, the people in the next flat (bang) on the wall.

7. Use the Past Simple or the Past Continuous in the following sentences containing as-clauses and while-clauses.

  1. They (to talk) little as they (to drive) home.
  2. As they (to drink) coffee, Ted (to say): “Now tell me about yourself.”
  3. She (to sing) softly as she (to beat) the eggs.
  4. As the sun (to disappear), a fresh breeze (to stir) the curtains at the window.
  5. His steps (to slow) down as he (to mount) the stairs.
  6. While he (to stand) irresolute, the door (to open) and his brother
    (to come) out.
  7. He (to listen) gravely while I (to complain) about my reading.
  8. While she (to wait) for the kettle to boil she (to sit) by the table.
  9. She (to tear) her dress while she (to change).
  10. I (to examine) the pictures while she (to organize) her thoughts.

Consolidation

  1. Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple.

a) Tom (look) looked out the window.

b) We (take) the bus from the airport to the city centre.

c) Laura (read) the book all afternoon.

d) Kate (close) all the windows and doors.

e) Sam (live) in a cottage in the country.

f) An old friend (come) to see me yesterday.

g) I (see) an interesting film last week.

h) Sue (wait) for her friends for more than an hour.

  1. Match the questions a) to h) with the answers 1) to 8).

a) What were you doing when you saw the accident?5

b) Did you go to Italy last summer?…

c) What did you do last weekend?…

d) What did you do when you saw the two men?…

e) Did you go to school yesterday?…

f) Did you have a good time at the party?…

g) When did you find the money?…

h) Did Paula phone yesterday?…

1) Yes, I really enjoyed myself.

2) I called the police.

3) Yes, she phoned while you were playing golf.

4) Yes, I spent three weeks there.

5) I was standing at the bus-stop.

6) While I was cleaning the floor.

7) I met my friends, and spent time with my family.

8) No, I was ill. I stayed at home.

  1. Write a second sentence with a similar meaning to the first sentence. Use a negative form of a verb from the box.

close / forget / get up / like / miss / sit down / stop / win

a) David caught the train. David didn’t miss the train.

b) Christina remembered her book......

c) The lesson continued......

d) John opened the door......

e) Terry stayed in bed......

f) Karen hated Chinese food......

g) Chris’s team lost the match......

h) I stood up on the bus all the way home......

  1. Correct each sentence or question.

a) Where did you went last night? Where did you go last night?

b) I didn’t knew the answer......

c) Harry maked a lot of noise......

d) I didn’t liked my new teacher......

e) Took you your medicine? ......

f) Helen comed home late last night......

g) I didn’t got up early this morning......

h) What did you saw at the cinema? ......

  1. Write a question for each answer.

a) Were you working last night...... ?

Last night? No, I wasn’t working last night.

b) Was ...... ?

Yes, that’s right. Tim was waiting at the bus-stop.

c) Was ...... ?

No, Mary wasn’t talking.

d) Was ...... ?

Yes, that’s right. Kate was wearing jeans.

e) Were ...... ?

Yes, Ali and Mehmet were playing football.

f) Was ...... ?

Raining? Yes, it was.

g) Were ...... ?

No, I wasn’t reading. I was writing.

g) Was ...... ?

Yes, that’s right. Tina was eating her breakfast.

  1. Put the verbs in brackets into the past continuous.

a) (you, wait) Were you waiting for Bill when he arrived at the airport?

b) While (Mary, have) lunch, it started raining.

c) When the bell rang, (we, play) basketball.

d) Who (you, dance) with at the party last night?

e) While (Sue, shop), she met an old friend.

f) (Some of the boys, look) out of the window.

g) While (we, wait) for a taxi, a bus stopped nearby.

h) While (I, walk) home, I ate a sandwich.

Past habits: used to

I used to play, he didn’t use to play

Did he use to play?

A bit of theory

We use used to when we describe a state or habit in the past.

Statements / I used to play tennis.
I used to play / He used to play / We used to play, etc.
Negatives / Sheila didn’t use to play basketball.
I didn’t use to play / She didn’t use to play / We didn’t use to play, etc.
Also possible: I didn’t used to play
Questions / Did they use to play football?
Did he use to play? / Did you use to play? / Did they use to play? etc.
We often use used to to contrast a past habit with what we do now.
I used to have a motorbike when I was younger. (past state)
I used to drink coffee, but now I drink tea. (past habit)
There is no present form of used to.
The past simple is also possible in these examples, but used to is more common.
I had a motorbike when I was younger.
I played tennis, but now I play football.
Pronunciation / used to = /ju:s tə/
past tense of the verb use – used = /ju:zd/
Attention! / Be used to doing means “be accustomed to doing,” “be in habit of doing”
He is used to getting up early.
She was used to jogging in the morning.
They aren’t used to working hard.
  1. Complete the sentences.

a) /David/like ice-cream/hate it David used to like ice-cream, but now he hates it.

b) /Anna/live in the country/in the city ......

c) /Nick/walk to school/ride a bike ......

d) /Kate/get up late/early ......

e) /Carol/have long hair/short hair ......

f) /Jack/be short/tall ......

  1. Rewrite each sentence or question with used to.

a) I was in the school tennis team.

I used to be in the school tennis team.

b) Sophie had long hair when she was at school.

......

c) Mary didn’t listen when her teachers were speaking.

......

d) Ricardo got up at 6.00 when he was training for the Olympics.

......

e) What did you usually do on Saturday evenings?

......

f) My brother wore glasses when he was small.

......

g) Becky was afraid of dogs when she was a girl.

......

h) We always gave our teachers presents at the end of term.

......

i) Paul spoke Italian well but he has forgotten it.

......

j) Did you live next door to Mrs Harrison?

......

  1. Complete the personal details.

a) I used to drink ……….., but now I don’t.

b) I used to live in ………., but now I don’t.

c) I used to go to ……..…., but now I don’t.

d) I used to play with ……..…., but now I don’t.

e) I used to read ……..…., but now I don’t.

f) I used to watch ……..….on TV, but now I don’t.

g) I used to listen to ……..…., but now I don’t.

h) I used to get up at ……..…., but now I don’t.

i) I used to go to bed at ……..…., but now I don’t.

j) I used to sit next to ……..…., but now I don’t.

  1. What did your parents use to do?

When my mother was a child, she used to…………….and………………………

......

  1. Complete the sentences. Use used to and a suitable verb.

George Medley is listening to a guide telling a group of visitors about the town of Stampford. He is thinking about Stampford in the past.

GUIDE:

Stampford is a very busy town nowadays. There are lots of things to do.

GEORGE MEDLEY:

1.It used to be very quiet.

GUIDE:

For example, we have a big new cinema complex.

GEORGE MEDLEY:

2.It………………a school.

GUIDE:

And this is the chemical factory. It’s very important for the town. A lot of people work here.

GEORGE MEDLEY:

3.I …………………… football in the park here.

GUIDE: