Parenthetical Documentation Review

Answer the questions at the bottom of the page.

College Students Are Sleep-Deprived

Sleep researchers have done many studies that show Americans need more sleep. Doctors often recommend that people get eight hours of sleep a night. However, a noted Stanford sleep researcher[1] believes that college students typically require more than eight hours of sleep ( ).[2] Researchers in New Zealand found that people who get less than six hours of sleep a night are less coordinated, have slower reaction times, and make poorer judgments than people who are well-rested. According to their study, “people who drive after being awake for 17 to 19 hours performed worse than those with a blood alcohol level of .05 percent. That's the legal limit for drunk driving in most western European countries[3] ( ).[4]

Many people who would never drink and drive underestimate the dangers of driving while drowsy.[5] One of America’s leading sleep researchers believes that “vast numbers” of Americans are seriously sleep-deprived:[6]

[7]In Gallup Poll surveys, 56% of the adult population reports that drowsiness in the daytime is a problem. In one scientific study where sleepiness was measured objectively in more than one thousand people who said they had no problem with daytime drowsiness, 34% were found to be dangerously sleepy. Considering that the subjects in this study were chosen specifically because they did not complain about daytime sleepiness, this result proves without a doubt that a significant percentage of the population carries out daily tasks and activities while dangerously sleepy (Dement, 1997, ) [8] [9]

References

Dement, W. (1997, September). Sleepless at Stanford. Retrieved August 8, 2003, from The Sleep Well, Stanford UniversityWeb site: http://www.stanford.edu/~dement/
sleepless.html

[10]
Sources

How much sleep do we need? What is sleep debt?

Dement, W. (1997, September). Sleepless at Stanford. Retrieved August 8, 2003, from The Sleep Well, Stanford University Web site: http://www.stanford.edu/~dement/sleepless.html

Each of us has a specific daily sleep requirement. The average sleep requirement for college students is well over eight hours, and the majority of students would fall within the range of this value plus or minus one hour. If this amount is not obtained, a sleep debt is created. All lost sleep accumulates progressively as a larger and larger sleep indebtedness. Furthermore, your sleep debt does not go away or spontaneously decrease. The only way to reduce your individual sleep debt is by obtaining extra sleep over and above your daily requirement (author, date, How Much Sleep Do We Need? section, para. 1).

Sleep deprivation as bad as alcohol impairment, study suggests

September 20, 2000

Web posted at: 1:50 PM EDT (1750 GMT)

LONDON (CNN) -- Night owls take note: new research offers yet another reason to get more sleep. In a study published this week in the British journal Occupational and Environmental Medicine, researchers in Australia and New Zealand report that sleep deprivation can have some of the same hazardous effects as being drunk.

Getting less than 6 hours a night can affect coordination, reaction time and judgment, they said, posing "a very serious risk."

Drivers are especially vulnerable, the researchers warned. They found that people who drive after being awake for 17 to 19 hours performed worse than those with a blood alcohol level of .05 percent. That's the legal limit for drunk driving in most western European countries, though most U.S. states set their blood alcohol limits at .1 percent and a few at .08 percent.

The study said 16 to 60 percent of road accidents involve sleep deprivation. The researchers said countries with drunk driving laws should consider similar restrictions against sleep-deprived driving.

The British Medical Association warned that there are other problems associated with sleep deprivation beyond impaired motor skills. People who get too little sleep may have higher levels of stress, anxiety and depression, and may take unnecessary risks.

And the dangers aren't limited to drivers. People who work long shifts or night shifts, such as medical personnel or other emergency workers, may also have troubles.

[1] What is this called? A) signal phrase B) direct quotation C) reference list entry

[2] Provide parenthetical (or in-text) documentation for this paraphrase. (See back for info.)

[3] Insert the missing punctuation mark.

[4] Provide parenthetical documentation for this quotation.

[5] Whose words are these? A) Dement’s B) New Zealand researchers C) author’s

[6] What is this called? A) signal phrase B) direct quotation C) reference list entry

[7] No quotation marks are needed around block quotations (> 40 words). True / False

[8] Insert a period, following APA style.

[9] Quotations ≥ 40 words are called A) quilt blocks B) blockheads C) block quotations.

[10] Create a reference list entry for the CNN source, using this information:

“Sleep deprivation as bad as alcohol impairment, study suggests”

Site name: CNN. Site sponsor: Cable News Network. Published 20 Sept. 2000.
Accessed 28 Aug. 2003 <

September 20, 2000; Web posted at: 1:50 PM EDT (1750 GMT) on the CNN site; Accessed Aug. 28, 2003.