Oxford Book 3Grammar CARDS, page 1

How to make cards: all the information is given to you. Copy down the information in the simulated cards below onto your real index cards. The act of writing out the info will enhance comprehension of that info, or at the very least you have made study cards for quizzes, tests, midterms & finals. Eugepae! Note below that the info on the cards below is given horizontally, i.e., the left box = the front of a card, while the right box = the back of a card.

An Example: 

[Front Side of Card A]
Who was the last Julio-Claudian emperor?
Ch. # / [Back side of Card A]
  • Nero

Chapter 34 

What is in Ch. 34? /
  • Mood
  • Present Subjunctive (how to form)
  • Mnemonic device: We beat a giant liar.
  • Hortatory/Jussive Subjunctive
  • Imperfect Subjunctive (how to form)
  • Purpose Clauses (subjunctive clause #2)
  • P.S. -What do these pairs of words mean?

Mood
Ch. 34 /
  • different “ways” to use verbs in a language (from Latin “modus” = way)
  • in Latin there are 3 moods: indicative, imperative and subjunctive

Indicative Mood
Ch. 34 /
  • used for normal statements and questions

Imperative Mood
Ch. 34 /
  • used for direct commands

Subjunctive Mood
Ch. 34 /
  • used for wishes, indirect commands, possibilities/potentialities, exhortations, purpose clauses, result clauses, certain conditions, et al.

Note on how to translate Latin subjunctives into English /
  • the English translation of the subjunctive varies dramatically from clause to clause, so learn peculiar or special translations per each type of subjunctive clause
  • Example: the present subjunctive will have one translation in a hortatory / jussive clause, a different translation in a purpose clause, another translation in indirect command, etc.

How to form the present subjunctive
Ch. 34 /
  • simply change the indicative vowel per conjugation as follows:

Infinitive --> Subj. vowel / ere verbs --> a
āre verbs --> e / 3rd-iō, ere verbs --> ia
ēre verbs --> ea / īre verbs --> ia
  • Mnemonic device: We beat a giant liar.

1st Conjugation
(Present Subjunctive Active/Passive Tense Pattern)
Ch. 34 / -āre Verbs:
-em / -er / -ēmus / -ēmur
-ēs / -ēris / -ētis / -ēminī
-et / -ētur / -ent / -entur
2nd Conjugation
(Present Subjunctive Active/Passive Tense Pattern)
Ch. 34 / -ēre Verbs:
-eam / -ear / -eāmus / -eāmur
-eās / -eāris / -eātis / -eāminī
-eat / -eātur / -eant / -eantur
3rd Conjugation
(Present Subjunctive Active/Passive Tense Pattern)
Ch. 34 / -ere Verbs:
-am / -ar / -āmus / -āmur
-ās / -āris / -ātis / -āminī
-at / -ātur / -ant / -antur
3rd–iō Conjugation
(Present Subjunctive Active/Passive Tense Pattern)
Ch. 34 / Infinitive: -ere (1st part of verb is –iō: example, capiō, capere)
-iam / -iar / -iāmus / -iāmur
-iās / -iāris / -iātis / -iāminī
-iat / -iātur / -iant / -iantur
4th Conjugation
(Present Subjunctive Active/Passive Tense Pattern)
Ch. 34 / Infinitive: -īre
-iam / -iar / -iāmus / -iāmur
-iās / -iāris / -iātis / -iāminī
-iat / -iātur / -iant / -iantur
Conjugation of the irregular verb, sum, esse = “to be” (Present Subjunctive Tense Pattern)
“Sports Illustrated”
Ch. 34 / sum, esse = to be
sim / sīmus
sīs / sītis
sit / sint
Conjugation of the irregular verb, eō, īre, iī (īvī), itus/a/um = “to go” (Present Subjunctive Tense Pattern)
“EA Sports” or “Episcopal Academy”: Ch. 34 / eō, īre = to go
eam / eāmus
eās / eātis
eat / eant
Present Subjunctive used independently (as main verb)
Ch. 34 (p. 128) / A few various translations for dīcāmus:
(1) let us speak (!) – hortatory subjunctive
(2) may we speak ! – wish (ch. 45)
(3) we may speak – possibility (ch. 45)
(4) [sī = if] we should speak – condition (ch. 44)
Hortatory Subjunctive
(1st person commands)
Virtually the same idea as jussive
Ch. 34 /
  • Exhortations or commands of the first person use present subjunctive:
ambulem = let me walk (!)
ambulēmus = let’s walk (!), let us walk (!)
  • Negative is introduced by nē:
nē clāvēs āmittam = let me not lose my keys (!)
nē clāvēs āmittāmus = let’s not lose our keys (!)
  • This is an independent subjunctive

Jussive Subjunctive
(3rd person commands)
Virtually the same idea as hortatory
Ch. 34 /
  • Exhortations or commands of the 3rd person use present subjunctive:
ambulet = let him/her/it walk (!)
ambulent = let them walk (!)
  • Negative is introduced by nē:
nē pizzam edat = let him/her/it not eat pizza (!)
nē pizzam edant = let them not eat pizza (!)
  • This is an independent subjunctive

How to form the imperfect subjunctive
(for all verbs)
Ch. 34 /
  • very easy: for all verbs, even irregular verbs, add personal endings (active/passive) to the present active infinitive [always the present active infinitive is your stem]
  • for deponent verbs, the stem is an “artificial” present active infinitive (ch. 36)

1st Conjugation
(Imperfect Subjunctive Active/Passive Tense Pattern)
Ch. 34 / -āre Verbs:
-ārem / -ārer / -ārēmus / -ārēmur
-ārēs / -ārēris / -ārētis / -ārēminī
-āret / -ārētur / -ārent / -ārentur
2nd Conjugation
(Imperfect Subjunctive Active/Passive Tense Pattern)
Ch. 34 / -ēre Verbs:
-ērem / -ērer / -ērēmus / -ērēmur
-ērēs / -ērēris / -ērētis / -ērēminī
-ēret / -ērētur / -ērent / -ērēntur
3rd Conjugation
(Imperfect Subjunctive Active/Passive Tense Pattern)
Ch. 34 / -ere Verbs:
-erem / -erer / -erēmus / -erēmur
-erēs / -erēris / -erētis / -erēminī
-eret / -erētur / -erent / -erēntur
3rd–iō Conjugation
(Imperfect Subjunctive Active/Passive Tense Pattern)
Ch. 34 / Infinitive: -ere (1st part of verb is –iō: example, capiō, capere)
-erem / -erer / -erēmus / -erēmur
-erēs / -erēris / -erētis / -erēminī
-eret / -erētur / -erent / -erēntur
4th Conjugation
(Imperfect Subjunctive Active/Passive Tense Pattern)
Ch. 34 / Infinitive: -īre
-īrem / -īrer / -īrēmus / -īrēmur
-īrēs / -īrēris / -īrētis / -īrēminī
-īret / -īrētur / -īrent / -īrēntur
Conjugation of the irregular verb, sum, esse = “to be” (Imperfect Subjunctive Tense Pattern)
Ch. 34 / Infinitive: esse = to be
essem / essēmus
essēs / essētis
esset / essent
Conjugation of the irregular verb, ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus/a/um = “to bring, bear, suffer, allow” [follows regular formation]
(Imperfect Subjunctive Tense Pattern)
Ch. 34 / Infinitive: ferre
ferrem / ferrer / ferrēmus / ferrēmur
ferrēs / ferrēris / ferrētis / ferrēminī
ferret / ferrētur / ferrent / ferrentur
Conjugation of the irregular verb, eō, īre = “to go” (ImperfectSubjunctive Tense Pattern)
Ch. 34 / Infinitive: īre = to go
īrem / īrēmus
īrēs / īrētis
īret / īrent
Review of how to form the passive voice of the Present Subjunctive
Ch. 34 /
  • For the passive for the present subjunctive, make sure you apply the WE BEAT A GIANT LIAR for the vowel then attach the passive personal endings (-r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -minī, -ntur)

Review of how to form the passive voice of the Imperfect Subjunctive
Ch. 34 /
  • For the passive for the imperfect subjunctive, simply attach the passive personal endings (-r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -minī, -ntur) to the present active infinitive (= 2nd principal part)
  • IMPORTANT: the present active infinitive is also the stem for the imperfect passive!

Sequence of Tenses
Ch. 34 / The tense of the verb in the main clause influences the tense of the subjunctive verb in dependent clauses: e.g., purpose clauses, indirect commands, result clauses, etc.
Primary Sequence
Ch. 34 / When the tense of the main verb is present, future, the true perfect (has/have verbed), future perfect, or an imperative--> the subjunctive verb must be present subj
Secondary or “Historical” Sequence
Ch. 34 / When the tense of the main verb is imperfect, simple perfect (verbed/ did verb) pluperfect --> the subjunctive verb must be imperfect subj
Clauses of Purpose or Purpose Clauses
(Card 1)
Ch. 34 /
  • These subjunctive clauses show the purpose (Why? or For what reason / purpose?) of performing the main clause.
  • Follow rules of sequence of tenses
  • Introduced by ut or nē + subjunctive
  • Translation: (1) in order that may verb (primary) / might verb (secondary); (2) in order to verb; (3) so that, so as; (4) lest [negative only]

Clauses of Purpose or Purpose Clauses
(Card 2)
Ch. 34 /
  • (Primary sequence): Marcus is leaving so that we may speak in secret. = Marcus discēdit ut clam dīcāmus.
  • (Secondary sequence): Marcus left so that we might speak in secret. = Marcus discessit ut clam dīcerēmus.
  • (Negative): Marcus stayed lest we speak (so that we mightnot speak) in secret. = Marcus mānsit nē clam dīcerēmus.

What do these pairs of words mean?
Ch. 34 (P.S.) /
  • ubi? = where // ubique = everywhere
  • unde? = from where? whence? // undique = from all sides
  • quis? = who? // quisque = each (adj.)
  • uter? = which of two? // uterque = each of two, both (adj)

Ch. 35 

What is in Ch. 35? /
  • Indirect Commands(subjunctive phrase #3)
  • The Sequence of Tenses
  • Pluperfect Active Subjunctive (forms)
  • Cum Clauses in Secondary Sequence
(subj. clause #4)
  • Review of the Passive Subjunctive
  • Review of imperfect subjunctive of(1) sum, esse and (2) ferō, ferre
  • Pluperfect Passive Subjunctive (forms)
  • P.S. - Compounds of currō, currere

Direct Commands - positive (review) /
  • Use the imperative [drop –re (singular); -te (plural)]
  • Example: ambulā = walk! (singular); ambulāte = walk! (plural)

Direct Commands - negative (review) /
  • Formula use nōlī / nōlīte + infinitive
  • Example: nōlī ambulāre = Don’t walk! (singular); nōlīte ambulāre = Don’t walk! (plural)

Indirect Commands
Ch. 35 /
  • Whenever someone orders / commands / wants / asks / persuades / advises /warns(main clause) someone (else) to perform an action (subjunctive)
  • Follow rules of sequence of tenses
  • Introduced by ut+ present/imperfectsubjunctive
  • Negative is nē + present/imperfect subjunctive
  • Translation for the subjunctive verb:
“to verb”(primary/secondary)
Indirect Commands
(primary sequence examples)
(Card 2)
Ch. 35 /
  • Marcus is persuading Julius and Anna to bring bread. = Marcus Juliō et Annae persuādet ut panem ferant.
  • (Negative): Marcus persuades Julius and Anna not to bring bread.= Marcus Juliō et Annae persuādet nē panem ferant.

Indirect Commands
(secondary sequence examples)
(Card 3)
Ch. 35 /
  • Marcus persuaded Julius and Anna to bring bread. = Marcus Juliō et Annae persuāsit ut panem ferrent.
  • (Negative): Marcus persuaded Julius and Anna not to bring bread. = Marcus Juliō et Annae persuāsit nē panem ferrent.

two verbs that don’t use the ut/nē construction
(Card 4)
Ch. 35 /
  • the verbs iubeō, iubēre (to order) and vetō, vetāre (to forbid) do NOT use ut/nē + subjunctive, but instead use ACCUSATIVE + INFINITIVE
  • Example: pater iussit fīlium domum statim redīre = the father ordered his son to return home immediately.

Reflexives in indirect commands
(Card 5)
Ch. 34/35 /
  • As in purpose clauses, the reflexives sē and suus/a/um refer back to the subject of the main verb.
  • pater fīlium rogat ut sē adiuvet. = The father is asking his son to help him (father)

Sequence of Tenses
Ch. 34/35 / The tense of the verb in the main clause influences or dictates the tense of the subjunctive verb in dependent clauses: e.g., purpose clauses, indirect commands, result clauses, etc.
Primary Sequence
Ch. 34/35 / When the tense of the main verb is present, future, the true perfect (has/have verbed), future perfect, or an imperative--> the subjunctive verb must be present subj
Secondary or “Historical” Sequence
Ch. 34/35 / When the tense of the main verb is imperfect, simple perfect (verbed/ did verb) pluperfect --> the subjunctive verb must be imperfect subj
Examples of the “true perfect”
(primary sequence)
Ch. 34/35 /
  • iuvenēs discessērunt ut cum Brutō militent. The young men have left so that they may serve with Brutus. (purpose clause)
  • puer patrī persuāsit nē sē domum remittat. The boy has persuaded his father not to send him bach home. (indirect command)

Pluperfect Active Subjunctive
(How to Form…for all verbs)
Ch. 35 /
  • Simply take the 3rd principal part stem + isse + -m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt
  • Examples: amāvissem, dormīvissēs, terruisset, portāvissēmus, vīdissētis, vēnissent
  • Translation: depends on the clause that it is in. Usually, “had verbed”, but can also be “might have verbed”, “would have verbed”

Paradigm for Pluperfect Active Subjunctive
-used for all verbs
Ch. 35 / trahō, trahere, trāxī, tractus/a/um = to drag
trāxissem / trāxissēmus
trāxissēs / trāxissētis
trāxisset / trāxissent
Pluperfect Active Subjunctive of the verb “to be” [follows regular formation]
Ch. 35 / sum, esse, fuī, futūrus/a/um = to be
fuissem / fuissēmus
fuissēs / fuissētis
fuisset / fuissent
Pluperfect Active Subjunctive of the verb “to go” [follows regular formation]
Ch. 35 / eō, īre, iī (īvī), itūrus/a/um = to go
īssem / īvissem / īssēmus / īvissēmus
īssēs / īvissēs / īssētis / īvissētis
īsset / īvisset / īssent / īvissent
Pluperfect Active Subjunctive of the ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus/a/um = “to bring, bear, suffer, allow” [follows regular formation]
Ch. 35 / ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus/a/um = “to bring, bear, suffer, allow”
tulissem / tulissēmus
tulissēs / tulissētis
tulisset / tulissent
Cum clauses in Secondary (Historical) Sequence 
Ch. 35 /
  • Cum clauses in Secondary (Historical) Sequence  (subjunctive phrase #4)
…The conjunction cum (“when”) in past time usually takes the subjunctive (imperfect or pluperfect)…for exceptions to this rule, see ch. 47.
Review of how to form the passive voice of the Present Subjunctive
Ch. 34/35 /
  • For the passive for the present subjunctive, make sure you apply the WE BEAT A GIANT LIAR for the vowel then attach the passive personal endings (-r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -minī, -ntur)

Review of how to form the passive voice of the Imperfect Subjunctive
Ch. 34/35 /
  • For the passive for the imperfect subjunctive, simply attach the passive personal endings (-r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -minī, -ntur) to the present active infinitive (= 2nd principal part)
  • IMPORTANT: the present active infinitive is also the stem for the imperfect passive!

Conjugation of the irregular verb, ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus/a/um = “to bring, bear, suffer, allow” [follows regular formation]
(Imperfect Subjunctive Tense Pattern)
Ch. 34 / Infinitive: ferre
ferrem / ferrer / ferrēmus / ferrēmur
ferrēs / ferrēris / ferrētis / ferrēminī
ferret / ferrētur / ferrent / ferrentur
Review of the Conjugation of the verb, sum, esse = “to be” in the Imperfect Subjunctive Tense Pattern
Ch. 34 / Infinitive: esse = to be
essem / essēmus
essēs / essētis
essēt / essēt
Pluperfect Passive Subjunctive
(How to Form for all verbs)
Ch. 35 /
  • Take the 4th principal part (1st word) + the helping verb (2nd word)… essem, essēs, esset, essēmus, essētis, essent
  • Examples: amātus/a/um essem, ductus/a/um essēs, terrītus/a/um esset, portātī/ae/a essēmus, vīsī/ae/a essētis, inventī/ae/a essent
  • Translation: depends on the clause that it is in. Usually, “had been verbed”, but can also be “might have been verbed”, “would have been verbed”

Paradigm for Pluperfect Passive Subjunctive
-used for all verbs
Ch. 35 / trahō, trahere, trāxī, tractus/a/um = to drag
tractus/a/um essem / tractī/ae/a essēmus
tractus/a/um essēs / tractī/ae/a essētis
tractus/a/um esset / tractī/ae/a essent
Pluperfect Passive Subjunctive of the ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus/a/um = “to bing, bear, suffer, allow” [follows regular formation]
Ch. 35 / ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus/a/um = “to bing, bear, suffer, allow”
lātus/a/um essem / lātī/ae/a essēmus
lātus/a/um essēs / lātī/ae/a essētis
lātus/a/um esset / lātī/ae/a essent
What do the following compounds of currō mean?
Ch. 35/P.S. / accurrō = run to / ocurrō = meet, run into + dative
circumcurrō = run around / percurrō = run through
concurrō = run into, clash (battle); agree / praecurrō = run ahead
dēcurrō = run down / prōcurrō = run forward
discurrō = run away / recurrō = run back
incurrō = run into / succurrō = run to the help of
intercurrō = run between / trānscurrō = run across

Ch. 36 

Deponent Verbs
Ch. 36 /
  • These verbs are defective in that they have no active endings or forms
  • So, passive forms/endings only
  • BUT, deponents use active translations

Present Passive Infinitive
(Present Deponent Infinitive)
Ch. 36 /
  • For the 1st, 2nd, and 4th conjugations, change the –re to –rī : [amārī, terrērī, audīrī]
  • For verbs that are 3rd and 3rd-io, add an –ī to the consonant stem : [pōnī, trahī, capī, mittī]
  • Translation: “to be verbed” (except for deponents, which would be “to verb”)

Special note on Present Passive Infinitive for 3rd and 3rd-io Conjugations
Ch. 36 /
  • For verbs that are 3rd and 3rd-io, add an –ī to the consonant stem : EXAMPLES: Active inf. <--> Passive inf: pōnere <--> pōnī; trahere <--> trahī; capere <--> capī; mittere <-->mittī; dīcere <-->dīcī]

Present Passive/Deponent Imperatives (Commands)
[Card 1]
Ch. 36 /
  • Most commonly used for deponent verbs
  • Singular ending: -re (looks like pres. Active infinitive)
  • Plural ending: -minī (same as 2nd person plural passive/deponent)
  • Translation: “ verb (!)” (deponent) or
“ be verbed (!)”
Forms of the Present Passive/Deponent Imperatives (Commands) by conjugation
[Card 2]
Ch. 36 / Singular / Plural
1st Conjugation / -āre / -āminī
2nd Conjugation / -ēre / -ēminī
3rd Conjugation / -ere / *-iminī
4th Conjugation / -īre / -īminī
Forms of the Present Passive/Deponent Imperatives (Commands) by conjugation with examples
[Card 2]
Ch. 36 / Singular / Plural
1st Conjugation / conāre / conāminī
2nd Conjugation / verēre / verēminī
3rd Conjugation / sequere / sequiminī
4th Conjugation / orīre / orīminī
Note on deponent participles
Ch. 36 / 1. Present Active Participle: Yes! Labēns, labentis = “slipping”
2. Perfect Passive Participle: Not “passive”, but must be translated actively. It is the last principal part – sum: lapsus/a/um = “having slipped” [sometimes “slipping” but with time prior to main verb]
3. Future Active Participle: Yes! It is the last principal part – sum + the –ūr- sound: lapsūrus/a/um = “about to/going to slip”
i.e. = id est
Ch. 36/P.S. /
  • “therefore, that is to say”
  • Used to explain a previous statement

e. g. = exemplī grātiā
Ch. 36/P.S. /
  • for example
  • literally, “for the sake of an example”

etc. = et cetera
Ch. 36/P.S. /
  • “and the rest”, “and others”
  • Used in lists where you could go on, but there is no need to because the information is understood or redundant

a.m. = ante merīdiem
p.m = post merīdiem
Ch. 36/P.S. /
  • a.m. = before noon
  • p.m. = after noon, afternoon

A.D. vs. C.E.
Ch. 36/P.S. /
  • A.D. = annō Dominī = “in the year of the Lord.” This is a Christian system of dating years.
  • C.E. = “in the Common Era” and is a non-religious replacement of A.D.

A.M.D.G. = ad maiōrem Deī glōriam
(Did you read The Da Vinci Code?) \
Ch. 36/P.S. /
  • “to/for the greater glory of God”
  • The motto of Jesuit Order and Opus Dei

ad fin. vs. ab. init.
Ch. 36/P.S. /
  • ad fin. = ad fīnem = “to the end” “at the end”
  • ab init. = ab initiō = “from the beginning

P.S. = post scriptum
Ch. 36/P.S. /
  • “a thing written after”
  • an extra note added at the end of a letter

cf. = confer
Ch. 36/P.S. /
  • “compare”
  • Used for making comparisons or points of reference

et seq. = et sequentia
Ch. 36/P.S. /
  • “and the following things”, “and the following ones”
  • Used for listing specific items (compare with etc.)

flor. = flōruit
Ch. 36/P.S. /
  • “he/she blossomed”, “he/she was at their best”
  • Used in dating the peak of a career for artists and writers, etc.; or the peak of a movement or school

p.a. = per annum
Ch. 36/P.S. /
  • “in or for the year”
  • [“by the year” “through the year”]
  • used for salaries, etc.: What is your per annum pay?

lb. = lībrae
Ch. 36/P.S. /
  • “pounds”
  • used for weighting things and people

R.I.P. = requiēscat in pāce
Ch. 36/P.S. /
  • “may he/she rest in peace”
  • Used on tombstones

No. = numerō
Ch. 36/P.S. /
  • “in number”
  • Used in counting
  • This is an ablative of respect

MSS = manūscrīpta
Ch. 36/P.S. /
  • “manuscripts”
  • Used in palaeography or the study of manuscripts

N.B. = notā bene
Ch. 36/P.S. /
  • “Note well”, “Take a good look at”
  • Used in emphasizing important points

Ch. 37 and Ch. 38 

The Ablative Absolute
Ch. 37 /
  • A short phrase the Romans used instead of a longer subordinate clause
  • consists of a noun/pronoun + a participle
  • or a noun + noun; noun + adjective

The most basic translation of the Ablative Absolute
Ch. 37 /
  • “with” + noun + participle
  • fenestrā fractā = with the window (having been) broken
  • puerīs fenestrās frangentibus = with the boys breaking the windows
  • puerīs fenestrās fractūrīs = with the boys about to break the windows

Contextual translations for Participles
Ch. 37 / N.B.: You need to add these to fit the context:
  • temporal: when, after (P.P.P. only); while, as (present active part. only)
  • causal: because, since
  • concessive: although, even though
  • conditional: if
  • relative clause: who, which, that (don’t use this one with the ablative absolute)

Contextual translations for the Ablative Absolute
Ch. 37 / N.B.: You need to add these to fit the context:
  • temporal: when, after (P.P.P. only); while, as (present active part. only)
  • causal: because, since
  • concessive: although, even though
  • conditional: if

Attributive vs. Predicate uses of participles (review) /
  • You can use participles as adjectives (attributive) or in verbal phrases, called participial phrases (predicate use)
  • Attributive: “the laughing hyena”
  • Predicate: “The woman (who is/was) laughing at me is not my friend.”
  • The Ablative Absolute is a predicate use

Present Active Participle (review of forms)
[Card 1]
Ch. 37 /
  • –ns in the nominative singular (voc sing)
  • All other cases have –nt- + a 3rd declension i-stem ending
  • Translation: “-ing”: “verbing”
  • Agrees with noun in case, number, and gender

Present Active Participle (review of forms)
[Card 2- just the endings] / Neuter = N / Singular / Plural
Nom/Voc / -ns / -ntēs (-ntiaN)
Genitive / -ntis / -ntium
Dative / -ntī / -ntibus
Accusative / -ntem (-nsN) / -ntēs (-ntiaN)
Ablative / -nte /-ntī / -ntibus
Present Active Participle (review of forms)
[Card 3] / Nom Sing. / Gen. Sing
1st Conjugation / -āns / -antis
2nd Conjugation / -ēns / -entis
3rd Conjugation / -ēns / -entis
3rd–io Conj. / -iēns / -ientis
4th Conjugation / -iēns / -ientis
N.B.: The ablative singular of the Present Active Participle
Ch. 37, page 139 /
  • –nte is the predicate or participial phrase ending
  • –ntī is the attributive or adjectival ending

Perfect Passive Participle (review of forms)
Ch. 37 /
  • = the 4th principal part of regular verbs
  • For deponent verbs, it is the 3rd or last principal part – sum
  • Literal Translation: “(having been) verbed”; for deponent verbs: “having verbed”

Future Active Participle
Ch. 38 /
  • = the 4th principal part of regular verbs + the -ūr- sound
  • For deponent verbs, it is the 3rd or last principal part – sum + the -ūr- sound
  • Literal Translation: “about to verb”, “going to verb”, “intending to verb”

Relative time of Participles/Infinitives to the main verb in the sentence
Ch. 37 & 38 /
  • Present Active: simultaneous or same time as main verb
  • Perfect Passive or Deponent Perfect: time prior or before the main verb
  • Future Active: time subsequent of future to main verb

Example of Abl. Absolute using a present active participle (N.B. different tenses of main verb)
Ch. 37 /
  • [Present tense M.V. + causal context]
puerīs fenestrās frangentibus, puellae ē villā discēdunt. = Because the boys arebreaking the windows, the girls are leaving the farmhouse.
  • [PAST tense M.V. + causal context]
puerīs fenestrās frangentibus, puellae ē villā discessērunt. = Because the boyswere breaking the windows, the girls left the farmhouse.
Example of Abl. Absolute using a PERFECT PASSIVE participle (note different tenses of main verb)
Ch. 37 /
  • [Present tense M.V. + concessive context]
fenestrā fractā puellae ē villā tamen discēdunt. = Although the window was/is broken, the girls are nevertheless leaving the farmhouse.
  • [PAST tense M.V. + causal context]
fenestrā fractā puellae ē villā discessērunt. = Because the window had been broken, the girls left the farmhouse.
Example of Abl. Absolute using a future active participle (note different tenses of main verb)
Ch. 38 /
  • [Present tense M.V. + causal context]
puerīs fenestrās fractūrīs, puellae ē villā discēdunt. = Because the boys are about to break the windows, the girls are leaving the farmhouse.
  • [PAST tense M.V. + causal context]
puerīs fenestrās fractūrīs, puellae ē villā discessērunt. = Because the boys were about to break the windows, the girls left the farmhouse.
Esse has no present active participle
Ch. 37, p. 141 /
  • sum, esse has no present active participle, so it is implied in phrases like Cicerone consule = with Cicero being consul/Since Cicero is/was consul

Example of Abl. Absolute using a noun + noun (note different tenses of main verb)
Ch. 37 /
  • (With Augustus being emperor)
  • Augustō prīncipe pācem nunc habēmus. = “Because Augustus is the emperor, we now have peace.”
  • Augustō prīncipe pācem tandem habuimus. = “Because/When Augustus was the emperor, we finally had peace.”

Example of Abl. Absolute using a noun + adjective (note different tenses of main verb)
Ch. 37 /
  • [with Julius being happy]
  • Iuliō laetō, mīlitēs plūs pecuniae dantur. = Because Julius is happy, the soldiers are being given more money.
  • Iuliō laetō, mīlitēs plūs pecuniae datī sunt. = Because Julius is happy, the soldiers were given more money.

What is the meaning of the following nouns, all formed from supines of verbs you know?
Ch. 37/P.S. / narrātor = story teller // fautor = supporter, fan // scrīptor = writer // lēctor = reador // proditor = traitor // dēditiō = surrender // commendātiō = praise // salūtātiō = greeting // monitiō = warning, admonition // quaestiō = inquiry, question // cantus = song // reditus = return // monitus = warning // rīsus = laugh, laughter; smile // ascēnsus = climb, ascent
Sounds of participles:
[Card 1 Present active] Ch. 38 /
  • –ns (nomintive singular)
  • –nt- + a 3rd declension ending

Sounds of participles:
[Card 2 PERFECT PASSIVE]
Ch. 38 /
  • 4th Principal Part of regular verbs
  • 3rd or last principal part of deponent verbs - sum

Sounds of participles:
[Card 3: Future Active]
Ch. 38 /
  • 4th Principal Part stem of regular verbs +
-ūrus, - ūra, -ūrum
  • 3rd or last principal part of deponent verbs – sum + -ūrus, - ūra, -ūrum

Future participle of sum
Ch. 38 /
  • Woo-Hoo! The future active participle of sum, esse is futūrus, futūra, futūrum

What is the meaning of the following words?
Ch. 38/P.S. / alius/a/ud = another, other
aliquot = some, several
aliquamdiū = for some time
aliās = (1) at another time, (2) otherwise / aliter = otherwise
aliquandō =sometimes, occasionally
aliquotiēns = several times
alibī = elsewherealiquis = someone aliquid = something

Ch. 39 