Overview of AP Labs for Take Home Exam

Overview of AP Labs

Lab 1 (diffusion and osmosis)

Some potato cores are placed into different molar solutions. Create a graph of the expected change in mass of the cores for the different concentrations.

List the 2 components affecting the water potential of a system?

1. ______2. ______

A cell placed into a hypertonic solution will shrink, swell, or stay the same?______

A cell placed into a hypotonic solution will shrink, swell, or stay the same? ______

A cell placed into an isotonic solution will shrink, swell, or stay the same? ______

What is plasmolysis?______

Lab 2 (enzyme catalysis)

What do enzymes do? ______

What was the substrate in this experiment? ______

What was the purpose of the H2SO4 and how did it work?______

Is the consumption of substrate linear? Yes or no?______

Generally, raising the temperature causes the reaction rate to increase or decreases?______

Create a graph of the amount of product formed over time as a result of an enzymatic reaction.

Lab 3 (mitosis and meiosis)

List the cell cycle and list what happens to the chromosomal material in each.

a)______- ______

b)______- ______

c)______- ______

d)______- ______

e)______- ______

In which phase do cell spend most of their time?______

What is crossing over?______

Under a microscope it is noticed that about 33% of the asci show crossover, what is the mapping units?______

Draw a pair of chromosomes in MI and MII, and show how you would get a 2:2:2:2 arrangement of ascospores by crossing over.

Lab 4 (plant pigment and photosynthesis)

How does chromatography work?______

Using the table below calculate the Rf values for the pigments. (The solvent front moved 100 mm)

Some chloroplasts are collected. One half of them are boiled and the other half are left unboiled. One half of each of these collections are then placed into either dark or lighted situations. They are allowed to incubate and grow and then placed into a spectrophotometer to measure the absorbance. Using the table below, estimate absorbance numbers that may go into the empty cells.

Plot the percent transmittance of your projected results.

Lab 5 (cell respiration)

Estimate the amount of oxygen consumed in the conditions listed in the table

What was the purpose of the beads?______

What happens to temperature of a gas when the pressure increases (assuming volume remains constant)?______

What happens to volume of a gas when the temperature decreases (assuming pressure remains constant)?______

Lab6 (molecular biology)

How does a restriction enzyme work?______

At what location in the cell do endonucleases work?______

What is a plasmid?______

How was the plasmid opened up in this lab?______

Which fragments of DNA migrate further along a gel electrophoresis plate, long or short fragments?______

What happened to each of the colonies below and why:

LB with plasmid______

LB without plasmid______

LB with plasmid & ampicillin______

LB with ampicillin but without plasmid______

Lab7 (genetics & Chi square)

What does Chi square measure?______

What are the chances of getting the following from a cross of AaBbCC x AaBBCc

genotype of AaBBCC______

Complete the following table for the following incomplete dominance monohybrid cross:

Bb x Bb where BB= black fur; Bb= auburn fur; bb= albino

At the 0.05 probability level, are the results significantly different from what was expected?______

Lab8 (population genetics)

What are the 5 assumptions for Hardy Weinberg equilibrium?

a)______

b)______

c)______

d)______

e)______

What do the following stand for:

a) p2=______

b) q2=______

c) p2+2pq=______

Solve the following:

a) In a Hardy-Weinberg population, the frequency of the a allele is 0.4. What is the frequency of individuals with Aa genotype?______

b) in a population with two alleles, A and a, the frequency of a is 0.6. What would be the frequency of heterozygotes if the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?______

c) why was the heterozygous condition for sickle cell favorable against malaria? ______

Lab 9 (transpiration)

Using the following conditions, create a graph showing the relationship between the amount of transpiration and time. Then, in the blank write a short explanation of the physiological responses because of the environmental conditions.

a) a plant at room temperature______

b) a plant in humid conditions______

c) a plant in high light conditions______

d) a plant in very dry conditions______

Lab 10 (physiology)

What is systolic pressure?______

What is diastolic pressure?______

What does it mean to have high blood pressure?______

Why does your heart rate go up when you exercise?______

Why does your heart rate go up when you are vertical vs. horizontal?______

What is Q10?______

Calculate the Q10 for the following conditions; rate at lower temp= 76 rate at higher temp.= 145.______

Create a graph showing the relationship between temperature and heart rate

Lab 11 Behavior

Define taxis ______Give an example: ______

Define kinesis ______Give an example: ______

Define negative phototaxis ______Give an example: ______

In this lab, pill bugs (isopods/ terrestrial crustaceans/arthropods) were used. After the pill bugs have been in the choice chamber for 10 minutes, you might observe one of these situations:

Situation A: Wet: 5 pill bugs Dry: 5 pill bugs

Situation B: Wet: 7 pill bugs Dry: 3 pill bugs

Situation C: Wet: 2 pill bugs Dry: 8 pill bugs

Pill bugs are crustaceans, and they respire through gills. Because of this characteristic, which situation would you predict to occur — A, B, or C?

Explain your answer ______

This brings us to an important consideration: The pill bug exercise is not a controlled experiment. Design a controlled experiment. Without a control, it is very risky to state a conclusion. Be sure to include your Hypothesis, Null Hypothesis, IV, DV, and predictions of results.

Courtship Behavior in Fruit Flies: Courtship between male and female animals usually is a ritual with specific behaviors. Is there an advantage to this for the species and/or individual? _____ Explain your answer. ______

.

Lab 12 (DO and PP)

Create a graph showing the relationship between temperature and the percent saturation of dissolved oxygen.

Create a graph showing the relationship between the amount of light received and the amount of productivity.

Create a graph that shows the relationship between the amount of oxygen consumed by photosynthetic organisms and the amount of carbon fixed.

How come net productivity is lower than gross productivity?______

What process occurs at night in water systems that lowers the amount of oxygen?______