Online Resources / Electronic Supplementary Materials

ONLINE RESOURCES / ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

Online Resource 1

A conceptual diagram for robust-design occupancy modeling. Estimates of occupancy (ψ) and detection probability (p)are obtained for each primary season (S1, S2, or S3), where the season corresponds to the successional application of various treatments of fire and/or grazing. Dispersal estimates of recolonization (γ) and extinction (ε) are transition probabilities between primary seasons. This image is based on Pollock (1982) and MacKenzie (2006).

Online Resource 2

A list of species captured at Osage Prairie, MO in 2011 and 2012 from multiple patch types, including those with fire, cattle grazing, and legacy effects.

Taxonomic Group / Common Name / Species / Count
REPTILES
Lizard / Slender Glass Lizard / Ophisaurusattenuatus / 2
Lizard / Little Brown or Ground Skink / Scincellalateralis / 82
Snake / Eastern Yellow Bellied Racer / Coluber constrictor flaviventris / 3
Snake / Prairie Ringed Neck Snake / Diadophispunctatusarnyi / 4
Snake / Black Rat Snake / Elapheobsoletaobsoleta / 3
Snake / Prairie Kingsnake / Lampropeltiscalligaster / 1
Snake / Speckled Kingsnake / Lampropeltisgetulaholbrooki / 1
Snake / Graham's Crayfish Snake / Regina grahamii / 1
Snake / Unknown / Unknown / 11
Snake / Rough Earth Snake / Virginia striatula / 1
Snake / Common Garter Snake / Thamnophissirtalis / 10
Turtle / Common Snapping Turtle / Chelydraserpentinaserpentina / 8
Turtle / Western Painted Turtle / Chrysemyspictabellii / 4
Turtle / Three-Toed Box Turtle / Terrapenecarolinatriunguis / 2
Turtle / Ornate or Western Box Turtle / Terrapeneornataornata / 13
Turtle / Unknown (burned and unidentifiable) / Unknown / 4
TOTAL / 150
AMPHIBIANS
Anuran Tadpole / Blanchard’s Cricket Frog / Acriscrepitansblanchardi / 4
Anuran Tadpole / American Toad / Bufoamericanus / 331
Anuran Tadpole / Southern Leopard Frog / Rana (Lithobates) sphenocephala / 541
Egg masses / varies / varies / 23
AnuranAdult / Spring Peeper / Pseudacris crucifer / 1
AnuranAdult / Chorus Frog / Pseudacristriseriata / 2
AnuranAdult / American Bullfrog / Rana (Lithobates) catesbeiana / 3
AnuranAdult / Southern Leopard Frog / Rana (Lithobates) sphenocephala / 20
AnuranAdult / Unknown / unknown / 23
AnuranAdult / Blanchard's Cricket Frog / Acriscrepitansblanchardi / 18
Anuran Adult / Northern Crawfish Frog / Rana (Lithobates) areolatacirculosa / 6
Anuran Adult / Gray Treefrog / Hylachrysoscelis-versicolor / 1
Anuran Adult / Plains Leopard Frog / Rana (Lithobates) blairi / 3
Salamander Adult / Small-mouth Salamander / Ambystomatexanum / 2
TOTAL / 1045

Online Resource 3

All the a priori candidate models using Akaike’s Information Criterion corrected for small sample size (AICc) regarding reptile occupancy (ψ), detection (p), recolonization (γ), and extinction (ε) for treated patches at Osage Prairie in 2011 and 2012.

Model / No. Parameters (K) / Deviation / ∆AICc / AICc Weight (wi) / Evidence Ratio
Ψ(g*t) ϵ(g*t) γ(t) ρ1(t) ρ2(t) ρ3(t) / 12 / 519.2 / 0.00 / 0.89
Ψ(t) ϵ(g*t) γ(t) ρ1(t) ρ2(t) ρ3(t) / 17 / 515.1 / 6.67 / 0.03 / 30
Ψ(g) ϵ(g) γ(g) ρ1(.) ρ2(.) ρ3(.) / 19 / 512.4 / 8.46 / 0.01 / 89
Ψ(g) ϵ(g) γ(g) ρ1(t) ρ2(t) ρ3(t) / 19 / 512.4 / 8.46 / <0.01 / >89
Ψ(t) ϵ(t) γ(.) ρ1(.) ρ2(.) ρ3(.) / 20 / 512.3 / 9.19 / <0.01 / >89
Ψ(t) ϵ(t) γ(t) ρ1(t) ρ2(t) ρ3(t) / 20 / 478.0 / 9.69 / <0.01 / >89
Ψ(g) ϵ(g) γ(g) ρ1(g) ρ2(g) ρ3(g) / 20 / 511.4 / 9.82 / <0.01 / >89
Ψ(g*t) ϵ(g*t) γ(g*t) ρ1(.) ρ2(.) ρ3(.) / 20 / 511.5 / 9.82 / <0.01 / >89
Ψ(g*t) ϵ(g*t) γ( g*t ) ρ1( g*t ) ρ2( g*t ) ρ3( g*t ) / 20 / 511.5 / 10.49 / <0.01 / >89
Ψ(.) ϵ(.) γ(.) ρ1(.) ρ2(.) ρ3(.) / 7 / 476.9 / 10.52 / <0.01 / >89

Online Resource 4

Vegetation structures of percent cover (A), litter depth (B), and grass height (C) for 6 patch types (n=6 patches each) at Osage Prairie, MO, USA in March-May of 2011 and 2012. The boxplots are shaded differently and contain different letters above if found statistically different (ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD test; alpha <0.05). Boxplots show the 25th, 50th, and 75th quartiles and the whiskers are 95% confidence intervals.

Online Resource 5

Total suspended solids (A) and ammonium (B) concentrations from stream water at Osage Prairie, MO, USA in 2011 and 2012. The watersheds either had no fire or grazing (“No PBG Watersheds”) or underwent PBG management (“PBG Watersheds”). The boxplots are shaded differently and contain different letters because they were found statistically different (Student’s t-test; alpha <0.05). Boxplots show the 25th, 50th, and 75th quartiles and the whiskers are 95% confidence intervals. The outliers are indicated by dots and primarily occurred when cattle were on pasture in PBG watersheds.

Online Resource 6

Reptile (A) and amphibian (B) species richnessin 6 patch types from Osage Prairie, MO, USA. The boxplots are shaded differently and contain different letters above if found statistically different (ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD test; alpha <0.05). Boxplots show the 25th, 50th, and 75th quartiles, the whiskers are 95% confidence intervals, and circles are statistical outliers.

Online Resource 7

A permuted multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) determined the predictors of riparian and aquatic community structures at Osage Prairie, MO in 2011 and 2012.

Factor / Degrees of Freedom (n,d) / Variance / F Statistic / P-value
Riparian Community
Patch type / 5,22 / 0.185 / 4.59 / <0.001
Grass height / 1,26 / 0.025 / 3.11 / 0.048
Year / 1,26 / 0.018 / 2.25 / 0.112
Ground cover / 1,26 / 0.007 / 0.90 / 0.417
Percent cover / 1,26 / 0.011 / 1.46 / 0.247
Litter depth / 1,26 / 0.006 / 0.69 / 0.514
Aquatic Community
Year / 1,55 / 0.113 / 27.90 / <0.001
Watershed / 1,55 / 0.047 / 11.70 / 0.002
In-stream cover / 1,55 / 0.019 / 4.91 / 0.007
Substrate / 3,53 / 0.028 / 1.17 / 0.029
Patch type / 5,51 / 0.031 / 1.55 / 0.101
Depth (water) / 1,55 / 0.003 / 0.07 / 0.503
Riparian cover / 1,55 / 0.006 / 0.69 / 0.514
Total suspended solids / 1,55 / 0.013 / 2.13 / 0.103
Ammonium (NH4+) / 1,55 / 0.005 / 0.90 / 0.405