Online Appendix

Online appendix

for the paper “Fiscal Redistribution and Public Support for Regional Integration” (European Union Politics)

Table of contents

Appendix A. Tables

Table A1. Operationalization 2

Table A2. Summary statistics 5

Table A3. Correlation between the independent variables included in the regression tables 6

Table A4. Number of observations and subnational jurisdictions 7

Table A5. Election years in the countries in the data set 8

Table A6. Replication of Table 1 including national unemployment change 9

Table A7. Replication of Table 2 including national unemployment change 11

Table A8. Replication of Table 1 including national unemployment rates 12

Table A9. Replication of Table 2 including national unemployment rates 14

Table A10. Replication of Table 1 including subnational unemployment change 15

Table A11. Replication of Table 2 including subnational unemployment change 17

Table A12. Replication of Table 1 including subnational unemployment rates 18

Table A13. Replication of Table 2 including subnational unemployment rates 20

Table A14. Replication of Table 1 including transfers measures separately 21

Table A15. Replication of Table 2 including transfers measures separately 23

Table A16. Replication of Table 1 excluding Party position on European integration 24

Table A17. Replication of Table 2 including party position variables separately 26

Table A18. Replication of Table 1 excluding Country’s economic prospects 27

Table A19. Replication of Table 1 excluding Personal economic prospects 29

Table A20. Replication of Table 2 including economic prospects variables separately 31

Table A21. Replication of Table 1 including annual transfers measures 32

Table A22. Replication of Table 2 including annual transfers measures 34

Table A23. Replication of Table 1 including transfers measures, 2007-2010 35

Table A24. Replication of Table 2 including transfers measures, 2007-2010 37

Appendix B. Mathematical notation of main regression model 38

Appendix C. Figures

Figure C1. Marginal effect of National transfers at different levels of Strength of Identity 39

Figure C2. Marginal effect of Subnational transfers at different levels of Strength of Identity 40

Figure C3. Marginal effect of National transfers at different levels of Discussion 41

Figure C4. Marginal effect of Subnational transfers at different levels of Discussion 42

Figure C5. Marginal effect of National transfers at different levels of Party positions 43

Figure C6. Marginal effect of Subnational transfers at different levels of Party positions 44

Figure C7. Marginal effect of Manual worker at different levels of GDP 45

Appendix D. Robustness of the Results 46

Appendix A. Tables

Table A1. Operationalization

Theoretical concept / Variable / Measurement / Source / Year
Main models (Tables 1 and 2)
Public support for European integration / Support / Individual-level measure based on the question: Generally speaking, do you think that (our country’s) membership of the European Union is: 0 (a bad thing), 1 (neither good nor bad), or 2 (a good thing)? / Eurobarometer 73.4 / 2010
EU transfers to countries / National transfers / Country-level measure of the average net fiscal transfers as a percentage of a country’s gross national income (GNI), average for 2007-2013 / European Union (2014) EU budget 2013. Financial Report. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union: appendix 3. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/budget/biblio/publications/publications_en.cfm / 2007-2013
EU transfers to regions / Subnatio-nal transfers / Subnational-level measure of the sum of Structural Funds investment in a region in 1000 Euro per capita, total sum for 2007-2013 / European Commission (2014) Evaluation. Data for Research. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/impact/evaluation/data_en.cfm. / 2007-2013
Direction of identity / Identity / Individual-level measure based on the question: For each of the following statements, please tell me to what extent it corresponds or not to your own opinion. “You feel you are a citizen of the EU”: 0 (definitely not), 1 (not really), 2 (to some extent), to 3 (definitely) / Eurobarometer 73.4 / 2010
Strength of identity / Identity / Individual-level measure based on the question: For each of the following statements, please tell me to what extent it corresponds or not to your own opinion. “You feel you are a citizen of the EU”: 0 (definitely not or definitely), 1 (not really or to some extent) / Eurobarometer 73.4 / 2010
Political awareness / Education / 9-point indicator measuring at what age a respondent has finished formal education. It is coded: 1 (up to 14 years), 2 (15), 3 (16), 4 (17), 5 (18), 6 (19), 7 (20), 8 (21), 9 (22 years and older) / Eurobarometer 73.4 / 2010
Political awareness / Discussion / Individual-level measure based on the question: When you get together with friends or relatives, would you say you discuss frequently, occasionally or never about national political matters? 0 (never), 1 (occasionally), and 2 (frequently) / Eurobarometer 73.4 / 2010
Political parties’ stances on European redistribution / Party positions on European redistri-bution / Country-level measure. Responses to a question about the overall orientation of the party leadership towards European cohesion or regional policy: 1 (strongly opposed) to 7 (strongly in favor) / Chapel Hill Expert Survey (CHES). Available at http://www.unc.edu/~hooghe/data_pp.php / 2010
Political parties’ stances on European integration / Party positions on European integration / Country-level measure. Responses to a question about the overall orientation of the party leadership towards European integration: 1 (strongly opposed) to 7 (strongly in favor) / Chapel Hill Expert Survey (CHES). Available at http://www.unc.edu/~hooghe/data_pp.php / 2010
Personal economic prospects / Personal economic prospects / Additive index at the individual level using: What are your expectations for the next twelve months: will the next twelve months be better, worse or the same, when it comes to...? 1) Your life in general; 2) The financial situation of your household; and 3) Your personal job situation: 0 (worse), 1 (same), and 2 (better) / Eurobarometer 73.4 / 2010
Country’s economic prospects / Country’s economic prospects / Additive index at the individual level based on the question: What are your expectations for the next twelve months: will the next twelve months be better, worse or the same, when it comes to the economic situation of (OUR COUNTRY)? 0 (worse), 1 (same), and 2 (better) / Eurobarometer 73.4 / 2010
Manual worker / Manual worker / Individual-level measure based on the question: What is your current occupation? 1 if employed position (service job), supervisor, skilled manual worker or unskilled manual worker, 0 otherwise / Eurobarometer 73.4 / 2010
Relative country GDP / GDP / Country-level GDP in purchasing power standards per inhabitant as a percentage of the EU average / Eurostat / 2010
Trade union membership / Union member-ship / Individual-level measure based on the question: Do you currently participate actively in or do voluntary work for one or more of the following organisations? A trade union: 0 (no), 1 (yes) / Eurobarometer 73.4 / 2010
Trust in national political institutions / Trust in govern-ment / Individual-level measure based on the question: I would like to ask you a question about how much trust you have in certain institutions. For each of the following institutions, please tell me if you tend to trust it or tend not to trust it. The (NATIONALITY) government: 1 (tend to trust), 0 (tend not to trust) / Eurobarometer 73.4 / 2010
Age / Age / Continuous individual-level measure based on the question: How old are you? / Eurobarometer 73.4 / 2010
Gender / Gender / Dichotomous, individual-level measure / Eurobarometer 73.4 / 2010
Robustness checks (Tables A6-A24)
Economic problems related to the global financial crisis / National unemploy-ment change / Difference in country-level unemployment rates for 2010 and country-level unemployment rates for 2007, measures for unemployed people over 15 years / Eurostat / 2007-2010
Economic problems related to the global financial crisis / National unemploy-ment rates / Country-level unemployment rates for 2010, measure for unemployed people over 15 years / Eurostat / 2010
Economic problems related to the global financial crisis / Subnatio-nal unem-ployment change / Difference in subnational-level unemployment rates for 2010 and country-level unemployment rates for 2007, measures for unemployed people over 15 years / Eurostat / 2007-2010
Economic problems related to the global financial crisis / Subnatio-nal unem-ployment rates / Subnational -level unemployment rates for 2010, measure for unemployed people over 15 years / Eurostat / 2010
Annual national transfers / Annual national transfers / Country-level measure of the average net fiscal transfers as a percentage of a country’s gross national income (GNI) / European Union (2014) (see above) / 2010
Annual subnational transfers / Annual subnatio-nal trans-fers / Subnational-level measure of the sum of Structural Funds investment in a region in 1000 Euro per capita / European Commission (2014) (see above) / 2010
National transfers, 2007-2010 / National transfers, 2007-2010 / Country-level measure of the average net fiscal transfers as a percentage of a country’s gross national income (GNI), average for 2007-2010 / European Union (2014) (see above) / 2007-2010
Subnational transfers, 2007-2010 / Subnatio-nal trans-fers, 2007-2010 / Subnational-level measure of the sum of Structural Funds investment in a region in 1000 Euro per capita, total sum for 2007-2010 / European Commission (2014) (see above) / 2007-2010

Notes: Variables are listed in the order that they appear in the paper.

47

Table A2. Summary statistics

Variable / Min. / Mean / Max. / Std. dev.
Main models (Tables 1 and 2)
Support / 0.0 / 1.3 / 2.0 / 0.8
National transfers / –0.4 / 0.6 / 3.2 / 1.2
Subnational transfers / 0.0 / 917.7 / 3112.0 / 981.0
Direction of identity / 0.0 / 1.8 / 3.0 / 0.9
Strength of identity / 0.0 / 0.7 / 1.0 / 0.5
Education / 1.0 / 5.4 / 9.0 / 2.8
Discussion / 0.0 / 1.0 / 2.0 / 0.7
Party positions on European redistribution / 2.0 / 5.7 / 7.0 / 0.8
Party positions on European integration / 1.4 / 5.4 / 7.0 / 1.1
Personal economic prospects / 0.0 / 3.1 / 6.0 / 1.5
Country’s economic prospects / 0.0 / 0.9 / 2.0 / 0.8
Manual worker / 0.0 / 0.2 / 1.0 / 0.4
GDP / 62.0 / 102.7 / 131.0 / 22.6
Union membership / 0.0 / 0.1 / 1.0 / 0.2
Trust in national government / 0.0 / 0.4 / 1.0 / 0.5
Age / 15 / 49.8 / 97.0 / 16.1
Gender / 0.0 / 0.5 / 1.0 / 0.5
Robustness checks (Tables A6-A24)
National unemployment change / –1.6 / 2.5 / 11.7 / 3.0
National unemployment rates / 4.4 / 9.4 / 19.9 / 3.8
Subnational unemployment change / 2.4 / 8.2 / 20.9 / 3.7
Subnational unemployment rates / 2.7 / 9.7 / 28.6 / 4.5
Annual national transfers / –0.4 / 0.7 / 4.3 / 1.4
Annual subnational transfers / 0.0 / 34.4 / 632.5 / 56.7
National transfers, 2007-2010 / –1.4 / 1.9 / 9.3 / 4.0
Subnational transfers, 2007-2010 / 0.0 / 143.9 / 2685.63 / 236.8

Notes: N=16 countries; 143 regions; 10910 individuals.

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Table A3. Correlation between the independent variables included in Tables 1 and 2

1. / 2. / 3. / 4. / 5. / 6. / 7. / 8. / 9.
1. National transfers / 1.0000
2. Subnational transfers / 0.8260 / 1.0000
3. Direction of identity / –0.0438 / –0.0605 / 1.0000
4. Strength of identity / 0.0163 / 0.0002 / –0.2260 / 1.0000
5. Education / –0.1080 / –0.1170 / 0.2060 / –0.0435 / 1.0000
6. Discussion / 0.0064 / –0.0082 / 0.0943 / –0.0366 / 0.2180 / 1.0000
7. Position on European redistribution / 0.4990 / 0.3520 / 0.0651 / 0.0117 / –0.0744 / –0.0995 / 1.0000
8. Position on European integration / –0.0015 / –0.1930 / 0.1290 / 0.0034 / 0.0557 / 0.0179 / 0.5340 / 1.0000
9. Personal economic prospects / –0.1920 / –0.1730 / 0.1400 / –0.0445 / 0.1700 / –0.0083 / –0.1180 / –0.0051 / 1.0000
10. Country’s economic prospects / –0.1160 / –0.1170 / 0.1350 / –0.0329 / 0.1210 / 0.0102 / –0.0947 / 0.0259 / 0.5420
11. Manual worker / –0.0092 / –0.0025 / –0.0036 / 0.0295 / –0.0561 / –0.0693 / 0.0049 / 0.0111 / 0.0242
12. GDP / –0.9230 / –0.8250 / 0.0063 / –0.0058 / 0.1150 / 0.0446 / –0.5180 / 0.0538 / 0.1510
13. Union membership / –0.0643 / –0.0358 / 0.0395 / 0.0037 / 0.0876 / 0.0686 / –0.0305 / 0.0273 / 0.0313
14. Trust in national government / –0.0493 / –0.0551 / 0.2030 / –0.0283 / 0.1390 / 0.0652 / –0.0441 / 0.0344 / 0.1900
15. Age / –0.0907 / –0.1020 / –0.0650 / 0.0009 / –0.2080 / 0.0702 / –0.0677 / 0.0492 / –0.1600
16. Gender / 0.0287 / 0.0216 / –0.0574 / 0.0603 / –0.0254 / –0.1200 / 0.0119 / –0.0095 / –0.0242
10. / 11. / 12. / 13. / 14. / 15. / 16.
10. Country prospects / 1.0000
11. Manual worker / 0.0195 / 1.0000
12. GDP / 0.1010 / –0.0044 / 1.0000
14. Union membership / 0.0478 / 0.0589 / 0.0586 / 1.0000
15. Trust in national government / 0.2540 / –0.0346 / 0.0772 / 0.0115 / 1.0000
15. Age / –0.0246 / –0.2530 / 0.0866 / –0.0095 / 0.0503 / 1.0000
16. Gender / –0.0361 / –0.0545 / –0.0314 / –0.0265 / –0.0108 / –0.0136 / 1.0000

Notes: N=16 countries; 143 regions; 10910 individuals.

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Table A4. Number of observations at the subnational level

NUTS / Freq. / NUTS / Freq. / NUTS / Freq. / NUTS / Freq.
AT11 / 27 / DK01 / 224 / ITC3 / 20 / PT17 / 181
AT12 / 138 / DK02 / 120 / ITC4 / 104 / SE11 / 164
AT13 / 141 / DK03 / 193 / ITD3 / 53 / SE12 / 149
AT21 / 70 / DK04 / 213 / ITD4 / 8 / SE21 / 78
AT22 / 109 / DK05 / 72 / ITE1 / 38 / SE22 / 130
AT31 / 118 / ES11 / 40 / ITE2 / 6 / SE23 / 166
AT32 / 50 / ES12 / 21 / ITE4 / 65 / SE31 / 89
AT33 / 89 / ES13 / 13 / ITF1/ITF2 / 23 / SE32 / 42
BE10 / 91 / ES21 / 45 / ITF3 / 56 / SE33 / 56
BE21 / 106 / ES22 / 13 / ITF4/ITF5 / 60 / SK01 / 73
BE22 / 52 / ES23 / 13 / ITF6 / 30 / SK02 / 249
BE23 / 97 / ES24 / 26 / ITG1 / 51 / SK03 / 233
BE25 / 73 / ES30 / 105 / ITG2 / 26 / SK04 / 202
BE32 / 117 / ES41 / 44 / NL11 / 22 / UKC / 27
BE33 / 85 / ES42 / 35 / NL12 / 43 / UKD / 61
BE34 / 22 / ES43 / 21 / NL13 / 20 / UKE / 58
BE35 / 40 / ES51 / 124 / NL21 / 68 / UKF / 67
CZ02 / 102 / ES52 / 63 / NL22 / 68 / UKG / 74
CZ03 / 90 / ES53 / 5 / NL23 / 20 / UKH / 49
CZ04 / 88 / ES61 / 120 / NL31 / 39 / UKI / 184
CZ05 / 102 / ES62 / 22 / NL32 / 111 / UKK / 68
CZ06 / 107 / ES70 / 26 / NL34 / 21 / UKL / 23
CZ07 / 79 / FI13 / 124 / NL41 / 90 / UKM / 54
CZ08 / 90 / FI18 / 352 / NL42 / 46
DE1 / 104 / GR11 / 41 / PL11 / 41
DE2 / 160 / GR12 / 159 / PL12 / 86
DE3 / 65 / GR13 / 26 / PL21 / 45
DE4 / 75 / GR14 / 59 / PL22 / 70
DE5 / 6 / GR21 / 27 / PL31 / 32
DE6 / 20 / GR24 / 38 / PL32 / 44
DE7 / 74 / GR25 / 57 / PL33 / 23
DE8 / 46 / GR30 / 280 / PL34 / 26
DE9 / 107 / GR43 / 46 / PL41 / 57
DEA / 196 / HU10 / 190 / PL42 / 29
DEB / 40 / HU21 / 60 / PL43 / 18
DEC / 12 / HU22 / 99 / PL51 / 49
DED / 77 / HU23 / 74 / PL52 / 27
DEE / 65 / HU31 / 89 / PL61 / 29
DEF / 33 / HU32 / 106 / PL62 / 27
DEG / 65 / HU33 / 95 / PL63 / 34

Notes: N=16 countries; 143 regions; 10910 individuals