OIE RL for « Nipah and Hendra Virus » – « Dr Peter Daniels – « Australia »

OIE Reference Laboratory Reports
Activities in 2012

Name of disease (or topic) for which you are a designated OIE Reference Laboratory: / Nipah and Hendra Virus Diseases
Address of laboratory / Australian Animal Health Laboratory
CSIRO Livestock Industries
Private Bag 24
Geelong VIC 3220
AUSTRALIA
Tel.: / +61 3 5227 5000
Fax: / +61 3 5227 5555
e-mail address: /
website: /
Name (including Title) of Head of Laboratory (Responsible Official): / Dr Kurt Zuelke
Name (including Title and Position) of OIE Reference Expert: / Dr Peter Daniels
Date of submission to the OIE / 23 February 2013

ToR:To use, promote and disseminate diagnostic methods validated according to OIE Standards

Test recommended by the OIE / Total number of test performed last year
Indirect diagnostic tests / Nationally / Internationally
HeV ELISA(inactivated antigen) / 644 / 12
HeV ELISA (expressed G protein antigen) / 619 / 12
NiV ELISA (inactivated viral antigen) / 5 / 275
HeV VNT / 672 / 2
NiV VNT / 5 / 144
Direct diagnostic tests / Nationally / Internationally

Virus Isolation in Cell Culture

/

28

/

0

HeV Real-time RT-PCR

/

1219

/

0

HeV Conventional PCR

/

0

/

0

NiV Real-time PCR

/

13

/

0

NiV Conventional PCR

/

0

/

0

PCR and sequencing

/

0

/

0

HeV Immunohistochemistry

/

2

/

0

NiV Immunohistochemistry

/

0

/

7

ToR:To develop reference material in accordance with OIE requirements, and implement and promote the application of OIE Standards.

Tostore and distribute to national laboratories biological reference products and any other reagents used in the diagnosis and control of the designated pathogens or disease.

2.Did your laboratory produce or store imported standard reference reagentsofficially recognised by the OIE or other international bodies?

Yes No

3.Did your laboratory supply standard reference reagentsto OIE Member Countries?

Yes No

4.Did your laboratory produce diagnostic reagents other than the OIE-approved standard reference reagents?

Yes No

5.Did your laboratory produce vaccines?

Yes No

6.Did your laboratory supply vaccines to OIE Member Countries?

Yes No

ToR:To develop, standardise and validate, according to OIE Standards, new procedures for diagnosis and control of the designated pathogens or diseases

7.Did your laboratory develop new diagnostic methods validated according to OIE Standards for the designated pathogen or disease?

Yes No

8.Didyour laboratory develop new vaccines according to OIE Standards for the designated pathogen or disease?

Yes No

Name of the new test or diagnostic method or vaccine developed / Description and References (Publication, website, etc.)
An indirect ELISA for the detection of antibodies to HeV based on a soluble recombinant expressed G viral protein / Validation dossier prepared among the participating Australian regional laboratories and available on request
The Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) grants the Hendra virus horse vaccine (Equivac HeV) a Minor Use Permit after the vaccine meets all essential safety, quality and efficacy requirements for such a permit. (Permit PER13510 dated 3 August 2012) / See
And embedded links

ToR:To provide diagnostic testing facilities, and, where appropriate, scientific and technical advice on disease control measures to OIE Member Countries

9.Did your laboratory carry out diagnostic testing for other OIE Member Countries?

Yes No

Name of OIE Member Country seeking assistance / Date
(dd/mm) / No. samples received for provision of diagnostic support (i.e. from surveillance campaign) / No. samples received for provision of confirmatory diagnoses
Portugal / 18April / 6
Portugal / 17 June / 6
Timor Leste / 14 August / 7
Timor Leste / 19 November / 147
Papua New Guinea / 5 submissions / 128
Malaysia / Multiple submissions / 132

10.Did your laboratory provide expert advice in technical consultancies on the request of an OIE Member Country?

Yes No

Name of the OIE Member Country receiving a technical consultancy / Purpose / How the advice was provided
Timor Leste / Interpretation of surveillance and disease investigation results / By correspondence
Papua New Guinea / Interpretation of surveillance results / By correspondence

ToR:To carry out and/or coordinate scientific and technical studies in collaboration with other laboratories, centres or organisations

11.Did your laboratory participate in international scientific studies in collaboration with OIE Member Countries other than the own?

Yes No

ToR:To collect, process, analyse, publish and disseminate epizootiological data relevant to the designated pathogens or diseases

12.Didyour Laboratory collect epizootiological data relevant to international disease control?

Yes No

13.Didyour laboratory disseminate epizootiological data that had been processed and analysed?

Yes No

14.What method of dissemination of information is most often used by your laboratory?

(Indicate in the appropriate box the number by category)

a)Articles published in peer-reviewed journals:24

b)International conferences:11

c)National conferences:2

ToR: To provide scientific and technical training for personnel from OIE Member Countries

To recommend the prescribed and alternative tests of vaccines as OIE Standards

15.Did your laboratory provide scientific and technical training to laboratory personnel from other OIE Member Countries?

Yes No

a)Technical visits:...... 0

b)Seminars:...... 1

c)Hands-on training courses:...... 1

d)Internships (>1 month):...... 0

Type of technical training provided (a, b,c or d) / Country of origin of the expert(s) provided with training / No. participants from the corresponding country
b / India / 1
c / Asia, Oceania and the Far East / 100

ToR:To maintain a system of quality assurance, biosafety and biosecurity relevant for the pathogen and the disease concerned

16.Does your laboratory have a Quality Management System certified according to an International Standard?

Yes No

AAHL maintains certification to AS/NZS ISO 9001:2008 for the management of its Quality Assurance System as well as AS/NZS ISO 14001:2004 for environmental management.

17.Is your laboratory accredited by an international accreditation body?

Yes No

AAHL’s diagnostic operations are conducted under NATA accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025:2005. AAHL is also accredited to ISO/IEC 17043:2010 as an international proficiency testing provider for exotic disease agents.

Test for which your laboratory is accredited / Accreditation body
AAHL’s scope of accreditation includes th efolowing classes of tests:
20.10 Microbiology
For companion animals, production animals, production avian species, aquatic
animals, equine species and avian species
20.11 Bacteriology
.01 Diagnostic bacteriology - incorporating identification by simple microscopy,
cultural methods of detection and identification of organisms
.03 Immunological methods of antigen detection
20.13 Other Microorganisms (including mycoplasma, rickettsia, algae)
.01 Diagnostic microbiology - incorporating identification by simple microscopy,
cultural methods of detection and identification of organisms, including inocuity testing
20.14 Virology
.01 Diagnostic virology - non-cultural (immunological) methods of detection
.02 Diagnostic virology - cultural methods of detection and identification of organisms, including inocuity testing
.05 Quantitative procedures
20.15 Prions
.01 Histological identification of prion disease lesions
.02 Detection of prion protein by immunological methods (including ELISA, Western
Blots, immunohistochemistry)
.04 Detection of prion protein by bioassay
20.25 Serology of Infection
For companion animals, production animals, production avian species, equine
species and avian species
.01 Agar gel immunodiffusion tests
.02 Complement fixation tests
.03 Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays
.04 Haemagglutination inhibition
.05 Indirect fluorescent antibody tests
.06 Microscopic agglutination tests
.08 Serum agglutination tests
.09 Serum neutralisation tests
.10 Latex agglutination tests
.99 Other: Testing for rabies and rabies related lyssaviruses on human specimens
20.50 Anatomical Pathology
For companion animals, production animals, production avian species, laboratory
animals, zoo animals, wildlife, aquatic animals, equine species and avian species
20.52 Histopathology
.01 Processing of fixed specimens for histology
.04 Immunohistochemistry
.05 Histological interpretation
20.53 Electron Microscopy
.01 Transmission electron microscopy
.02 Scanning electron microscopy
.04 Immunohistochemistry electron microscopy
20.54 Necropsy
20.80 Molecular Diagnostics
.01 Identification by extraction and amplification
.02 Sequencing
.03 Genotyping
.99 Other: Testing for rabies and rabies related lyssaviruses on human specimens by molecular techniques / NATA, affiliated with ILAC

18.Does your laboratory maintain a “biorisk management system” for the pathogen and the disease concerned? (See Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals 2012, Chapter 1.1.3 orManual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals 2012, Chapter 1.1.1)

Yes No

ToR:To organise and participate in scientific meetings on behalf of the OIE

19.Did your laboratory organise scientific meetings on behalf of the OIE?

Yes No

20.Did your laboratory participate in scientific meetings on behalf of the OIE?

Yes No

Title of event / Date
(mm/yy) / Location / Role (speaker, presenting poster, short communications) / Title of the work presented
Third Regional Workshop on Multi-Sectoral Collaboration on Zoonoses Prevention and Control, / 11/2012, / Bali, Indonesia, / Speaker / Emerging Issues: Hendra Virus

ToR:To establish and maintain a network with other OIE Reference Laboratories designated for the same pathogen or disease and organise regular inter-laboratory proficiency testing to ensure comparability of results

21.Did your laboratory exchange information with other OIE Reference Laboratories designated for the same pathogen or disease?

Yes No

22.Was your laboratory involved in maintaining a network with OIE Reference Laboratories designated for the same pathogen or disease by organising or participating in proficiency tests?

Yes No

23.Did your laboratory collaborate with other OIE Reference Laboratories for the same disease on scientific research projects for the diagnosis or control of the pathogen of interest?

Yes No

ToR:To organise inter-laboratory proficiency testing with laboratories other than OIE Reference Laboratories for the same pathogens and diseases to ensure equivalence of results.

24.Did your laboratory organiseor participate in inter-laboratory proficiency tests with laboratories other than OIE Reference Laboratories for the same disease?

Yes No

Purpose for inter-laboratory test comparisons[1] / No. participating laboratories / Participating OIE Member Countries
Harmonising PCR for HeV detection) / 6 / Australian state veterinary and public health laboratories
Evaluating a new test methods (HeV Elisa based on an expressed G protein antigen) / 6 / Australian state veterinary laboratories

ToR:To place expert consultants at the disposal of the OIE

25.Did your laboratory place expert consultants at the disposal of the OIE?

Yes No

Kind of consultancy / Location / Subject (facultative )
OIE Training Workshop / Thailand / For OIE National Focal Points on Laboratories, August 2012
Meeting participation / Vietnam / The Fourth Laboratory Directors Forum Meeting (SE Asian region), October 2012
Meeting participation / Vienna / Expert consultation for establishing and maintaining core facilities for molecular test diagnosis in veterinary laboratories of developing countries with limited resources, October 2012.
Ad hoc group participation / Paris / Biosafety and Biosecurity in Veterinary Laboratories, February and July, 2012
Ad hoc group participation / Paris / New Approaches to Diagnosis: Applied Genomics, December 2012
Member of the OIE Biological Standards Commission / Paris / Particpated in the BSC meeting September 2012

Publications

Journal Articles

  1. Anderson, D. E., Dubovi, E. J., Yu, M., Wang, L. F., & Renshaw, R. W. (2012). Genome characterization of Salem virus reveals its evolutionary intermediate status in the subfamily Paramyxovirinae. Arch Virol, 157(10), 1989-1993. doi: 10.1007/s00705-012-1388-6
  2. Baker, K. S., Todd, S., Marsh, G., Fernandez-Loras, A., Suu-Ire, R., Wood, J. L. N., Cunningham, A. A. (2012). Co-circulation of diverse paramyxoviruses in an urban African fruit bat population. Journal of General Virology, 93, 850-856. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.039339-0
  3. Baker, M., Schountz, T., & Wang, L. (2012). Antiviral immune responses of bats: a review. Zoonoses Public Health, online, 13.
  4. Barr, J. A., Smith, C., Marsh, G. A., Field, H., & Wang, L.-F. (2012). Evidence of bat origin for Menangle virus, a zoonotic paramyxovirus first isolated from diseased pigs. J Gen Virol, 93(Pt 12), 2590-2594. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.045385-0
  5. Bowden, T. R., Bingham, J., Harper, J. A., & Boyle, D. B. (2012). Menangle virus, a pteropid bat paramyxovirus infectious for pigs and humans, exhibits tropism for secondary lymphoid organs and intestinal epithelium in weaned pigs. Journal of General Virology, 93, 1007-1016. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.038448-0
  6. Chan, Y.-P., Lu, M., Dutta, S., Yan, L., Barr, J., Flora, M., Broder, C. C. (2012). Biochemical, Conformational, and Immunogenic Analysis of Soluble Trimeric Forms of Henipavirus Fusion Glycoproteins. J Virol, 86(21), 11457-11471. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01318-12
  7. Clayton, B., Wang, L., & Marsh, G. (2012). Henipaviruses: an updated review focusing on the pteropid reservoir, and features of transmission. Zoonoses Public Health, in press online, 15.
  8. Clayton, B. A., Middleton, D., Bergfeld, J., Haining, J., Arkinstall, R., Wang, L., & Marsh, G. A. (2012). Transmission routes for Nipah virus from Malaysia and Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis, 18(12), 1983-1993. doi: 10.3201/eid1812.120875
  9. Colgrave, M. L., Snelling, H. J., Shiell, B. J., Feng, Y.-R., Chan, Y.-P., Bossart, K. N., Michalski, W. P. (2012). Site occupancy and glycan compositional analysis of two soluble recombinant forms of the attachment glycoprotein of Hendra virus. Glycobiology, 22(4), 572-584. doi: 10.1093/glycob/cwr180
  10. Cowled, C., Baker, M. L., Zhou, P., Tachedjian, M., & Wang, L.-F. (2012). Molecular characterisation of RIG-I-like helicases in the black flying fox, Pteropus alecto. Dev Comp Immunol, 36(4), 657-664. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.11.008
  11. Dups, J., Middleton, D., Yamada, M., Monaghan, P., Long, F., Robinson, R., Wang, L.-F. (2012). A New Model for Hendra Virus Encephalitis in the Mouse. PLoS One, 7(7). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040308
  12. Foord, A., Middleton, D., & Heine, H. (2012). Hendra virus detection using Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification. Vet Microbiol, 181, 93-96.
  13. Foord, A. J., Middleton, D., & Heine, H. G. (2012). Hendra virus detection using Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification. J Virol Methods, 181(1), 93-96. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.01.020
  14. Janardhana, V., Tachedjian, M., Crameri, G., Cowled, C., Wang, L.-F., & Baker, M. L. (2012). Cloning, expression and antiviral activity of IFN gamma from the Australian fruit bat, Pteropus alecto. Dev Comp Immunol, 36(3), 610-618. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.11.001
  15. Kaku, Y., Noguchi, A., Marsh, G. A., Barr, J. A., Okutani, A., Hotta, K., Wang, L.-F. (2012). Antigen capture ELISA system for henipaviruses using polyclonal antibodies obtained by DNA immunization. Arch Virol, 157(8), 1605-1609. doi: 10.1007/s00705-012-1338-3
  16. Kaku, Y., Noguchi, A., Marsh, G. A., Barr, J. A., Okutani, A., Hotta, K., Wang, L.-F. (2012). Second generation of pseudotype-based serum neutralization assay for Nipah virus antibodies: Sensitive and high-throughput analysis utilizing secreted alkaline phosphatase. J Virol Methods, 179(1), 226-232. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.11.003
  17. Mahalingam, S., Herrero, L. J., Playford, E. G., Spann, K., Herring, B., Rolph, M. S., Wang, L.-F. (2012). Hendra virus: an emerging paramyxovirus in Australia. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 12(10), 799-807. doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(12)70158-5
  18. Marsh, G. A., de Jong, C., Barr, J. A., Tachedjian, M., Smith, C., Middleton, D., Wang, L.-F. (2012). Cedar Virus: A Novel Henipavirus Isolated from Australian Bats. PLoS Pathog, 8(8). doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002836
  19. Marsh, G. A., & Wang, L.-F. (2012). Hendra and Nipah viruses: why are they so deadly? Curr Opin Virol, 2(3), 242-247. doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.03.006
  20. Middleton, D. J., & Weingartl, H. M. (2012). Henipaviruses in their natural animal hosts. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol, 359, 105-121. doi: 10.1007/82_2012_210
  21. Papenfuss, T., Baker, M., Feng, Z.-P., Tachedjian, M., Crameri, G., Cowled, C., Wang, L. (2012). The immune gene repertoire of an important viral reservoir, the Australian black flying fox. BMC Genomics, 13, 261.
  22. Pulliam, J. R. C., Epstein, J. H., Dushoff, J., Rahman, S. A., Bunning, M., Jamaluddin, A. A., Herg. (2012). Agricultural intensification, priming for persistence and the emergence of Nipah virus: a lethal bat-borne zoonosis. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 9(66), 89-101. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2011.0223
  23. Smith, I., & Wang, L. F. (2012). Bats and their virome: an important source of emerging viruses capable of infecting humans. Curr Opin Virol. doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.11.006
  24. Wang, L.-F., & Daniels, P. (2012). Diagnosis of henipavirus infection: current capabilities and future directions. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol, 359, 179-196. doi: 10.1007/82_2012_215

Conference Paper

  1. Arkinstall, R., Johnson, D., Frazer, L., Eastwood, S., Haining, J., & Middleton, D. (2012). Assessing the risk of Hendra virus in dogs. Paper presented at the Australian and New Zealand Laboratory Animal Association 2012 annual conference, Brisbane, QLD.
  2. Clayton, B., Middleton, D., Bergfeld, J., Arkinstall, R., Haining, J., Wang, L., & Marsh, G. (2012). Nipah viruses from Malaysia and Bangladesh: comparison of viral shedding and investigation of transmission in the ferret model. Paper presented at the Asia-Pacific Congress of Medical Virology, Adelaide, SA.
  3. Daniels, P. (2012). Emerging and Re-emerging Disease Control Facing New Challenges: Emerging Pathogens & Disease Surveillance Control (Abstract). Paper presented at the The 7th APBA Scientific Conference, Moving Towards One World-One Health, Bali, Indonesia.
  4. Daniels, P. (2012). Animal Biosecurity, “One Health” and the Australian Animal Health Laboratory, WEHI Postgraduate Lecture Series, 9 July 2012, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria
  5. Daniels, P. (2012). Emerging Issues: Hendra Virus, The Third Regional Workshop on Multi-Sectoral Collaboration on Zoonoses Prevention and Control, 26-28 November 2012, Bali, Indonesia,
  6. Daniels, P. (2012). Animal Health Challenges and Climate Change, 15th AAAP Animal Science Congress, 26-30 November 2012, Thammasat University, Thailand
  7. Dups, J., Marsh, G., Middleton, D., & Wang, L. (2012). Establishment of a new mouse model for neuroinvasion and the encephalitic component of human Hendra virus disease. Paper presented at the Asia-Pacific Congress of Medical Virology, Adelaide, SA.
  8. Klein, R., Pallister, J., Yamada, M., Haining, J., Arkinstall, R., Payne, J., Middleton, D. (2012). A Recombinant Human Monoclonal Antibody Prevents HeV Disease in Ferrets. Paper presented at the 9th Asia-Pacific Congress for Medical Virology, Adelaide.
  9. Marsh, G. (2012). Hendra Virus surveillance and spill-over from Australian flying foxes. Paper presented at the Lorne Infection & Immunity Conference, Lorne, VIC.
  10. McNabb, L., Lunt, R., Barr, J., Crameri, G., Juzva, S., & Wang, L. (2012). Developments in Hendra virus serology using Henipavirus binding and blocking assays. Paper presented at the Emerging Infectious Diseases Symposium (EIDS), Geelong.
  11. Monaghan, P., Green, D., Pallister, J., Klein, R., Williams, C., White, J., & Wang, L. (2012). Assembly of Hendra virus particles in infected cells in vitro. Paper presented at the Emerging Infectious Diseases Symposium, Geelong, Vic.
  12. Riddell, S., Certoma, A., van der Heide, B., Wong, F., Walker, S., Ha, W., Daniels, P. (2012). Laboratory diagnosis of Hendra virus infection during the 2011 outbreaks in Australia. Paper presented at the 6th Asia Pacific Conference on Medical Virology, Adelaide.
  13. Wang, J. (2012). Molecular diagnosis of emergency animal diseases at the Australian Animal Health Laboratory. Paper presented at the Moleuclar Diagnostics Workshop 2012 - National Centre for Infectious Disease and Biosecurity (NCBID), New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand.

Annual reports of OIE Reference Laboratories, 20121

[1]See Interlaboratory test comparisons in: Laboratory Proficiency Testing at:
see point 1.3