OIE RL for «Avian Influenza» – «Prof Ian Brown» – «United Kingdom»

OIE Reference Laboratory Reports
Activities in 2012

Name of disease (or topic) for which you are a designated OIE Reference Laboratory: / Avian Influenza
Address of laboratory / Avian Virology, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency – Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
Tel.: / +44 (0)1932 357 339
Fax: / +44 (0)1932 357 239
e-mail address: /
website: /
Name (including Title) of Head of Laboratory (Responsible Official): / Christopher Hadkiss, Chief Executive
Name (including Title and Position) of OIE Reference Expert: / Professor Ian Brown
Date of submission to the OIE / 28/2/13

Instructions

This form should be used by an OIE Reference Laboratory to report activities that took place from January through December of the past year (2012), unless otherwise stated, and must be submitted by the end of January every year.

Only those activities that concern the disease (or topic) for which the laboratory is recognised by the OIE should be mentioned. The questionnaire structure follows the Terms of Reference (ToRs) for OIE Reference Laboratories, available at:

Each ToR(blue italicised text)has been placed as a heading covering the group of questions related to it.

Please note the red italicised text is given as guidance and should be deleted from your report and substitute with your data. Examples are based on past Annual Reports or have been invented.

The questionnaire represents a means of gathering information on activities carried out by OIE Reference Laboratories and making it available to OIE Member Countries and to the OIE Reference Laboratory network.

This annual report will remain available for consultation on the OIE web site:

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ToR:To use, promote and disseminate diagnostic methods validated according to OIE Standards

Test recommended by the OIE / Total number of test performed last year
Indirect diagnostic tests / Nationally / Internationally
HI / 94 / 180
AGP / 9798 / 0
ELISA / 521 / 0
Direct diagnostic tests / Nationally / Internationally

Real-time RT-PCR gene M

/ 395 / 125

Real-time RT-PCR H5

/ 53 / 109

H5 genetic analyses

/ 0 / 30

Real-time RT-PCR N1

/ 0 / 34

Real-time RT-PCR H7

/ 38 / 86

H7 genetic analyses

/ 0 / 4

Egg inoculation/HA

/ 1525 / 121

IVPI

/ 0 / 1

ToR:To develop reference material in accordance with OIE requirements, and implement and promote the application of OIE Standards.

To store and distribute to national laboratories biological reference products and any other reagents used in the diagnosis and control of the designated pathogens or disease.

2.Did your laboratory produce or store imported standard reference reagents officially recognised by the OIE or other international bodies?

Yes No

3.Did your laboratory supply standard reference reagents to OIE Member Countries?

Yes No

Type of reagent available / Related diagnostic test / Produced/
stored / Amount supplied nationally
(ml, mg) / Amount supplied internationally
(ml, mg) / Name of recipient OIE Member Countries and of institutions
Control positive sera (OIE-approved international sera) / AGID / Produced / 30ml / 0 / UK, AHVLA
Control negative sera (OIE-approved international sera) / AGID / Produced / 30ml / 0 / UK, AHVLA
Control positive sera (OIE-approved international sera) / HI serological test / Produced / 42ml / Denmark, National Veterinary Institute
Control negative sera (OIE-approved international sera) / HI serological test / Produced / 6ml / Denmark, National Veterinary Institute
AI type antigens / HI serological test / Produced / 80ml / Denmark, National Veterinary Institute
Control positive sera (OIE-approved international sera) / HI serological test / Produced / 15ml / Belgium, CODA-CERVA
Control positive sera (OIE-approved international sera) / HI serological test / Produced / 4ml / Slovenia, Institute of Poultry Health
AI type antigens / HI serological test / Produced / 74ml / Slovenia, Institute of Poultry Health
AI type antigens / HI serological test / Produced / 5ml / Sweden, National Veterinary Institute
Control positive sera (OIE-approved international sera) / HI serological test / Produced / 3ml / Sweden, National Veterinary Institute
Control positive sera (OIE-approved international sera) / HI serological test / Produced / 2ml / Poland, National Veterinary Research Institute
AI type antigens / HI serological test / Produced / 170ml / Poland, National Veterinary Research Institute
AI type antigens / HI serological test / Produced / 6ml / Luxembourg, CRP-Sante
Control positive sera (OIE-approved international sera) / HI serological test / Produced / 6ml / Czech Republic, State Veterinary Institute
AI type antigens / HI serological test / Produced / 19ml / Czech Republic, State Veterinary Institute
AI type antigens / HI serological test / Produced / 25ml / France, ANSES
AI type antigens / HI serological test / Produced / 20ml / Norway, National Veterinary Institute
Control positive sera (OIE-approved international sera) / HI serological test / Produced / 5ml / N. Ireland, Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute
AI type antigens / HI serological test / Produced / 3ml / Botswana, National Veterinary Laboratory
Control positive sera (OIE-approved international sera) / HI serological test / Produced / 3ml / Botswana, National Veterinary Laboratory
AI type antigens / HI serological test / Produced / 100ml / Hungary, Central Veterinary Institute
AI type antigens / HI serological test / Produced / 210ml / Latvia, Institute for Food Safety, Animal Health & Environment
Control positive sera (OIE-approved international sera) / HI serological test / Produced / 8ml / Latvia, Institute for Food Safety, Animal Health & Environment
AI type antigens / HI serological test / Produced / 80ml / Georgia, National Centre for Disease Control & Public Health
Control positive sera (OIE-approved international sera) / HI serological test / Produced / 6ml / Ukraine, Science and Technology Centre

4.Did your laboratory produce diagnostic reagents other than the OIE-approved standard reference reagents?

YesNo

5.Did your laboratory produce vaccines?

YesNo

6.Did your laboratory supply vaccines to OIE Member Countries?

YesNo

ToR:To develop, standardise and validate, according to OIE Standards, new procedures for diagnosis and control of the designated pathogens or diseases

7.Did your laboratory develop new diagnostic methods validated according to OIE Standards for the designated pathogen or disease?

Yes No

8.Did your laboratory develop new vaccines according to OIE Standards for the designated pathogen or disease?

YesNo

Name of the new test or diagnostic method or vaccine developed / Description and References (Publication, website, etc.)
Statistical assessment of the validity of testing LPAI swabs either singly or as pools of five
H9 RRT PCR and molecular epidemiology.
Validation of AI recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA).
On-going fitness-for-purpose checking of existing molecular tests on all emerging AIV strains from Europe. / Described in:
Arnold, M.E., Irvine, R.M., Tearne, O., Rae, D., Cook, A.J.C., and Breed, A.C. (2012). Investigation into sampling strategies in response to potential outbreaks of Low Pathogenicity Notifiable Avian Influenza initiated in commercial duck holdings in Great Britain. Epidemiology and Infection. First view pp 1-12, Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012. DOI: (About DOI) Published 16 July 2012.
Arnold, M.E., Slomka, M.J., Coward, V.J., Mahmood, S., Raleigh, P.J., and Brown, I.H. (2012) Evaluation of the pooling of swabs for real-time PCR detection of low titre shedding of low pathogenicity avian influenza in turkeys. Epidemiology and Infection. Available on CJO 2012 doi: 10.1017/SO950268812001811 Sept 2012, pp 1 – 12. Published online 03 Sept 2012.

Described in:

Slomka M.J. et al. (2013) Phylogenetic and molecular characteristics of Eurasian H9 avian influenza viruses and their detection by two different H9-specific RealTime reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction tests.Vet Microbiol 162, 530-542.

Described in:
Greetham, H.L., Piepenburg, O., Brooks, D.G., Hanna, A., Couper, W., Collins, S., Amarasekera, G., Reid, S.M., Wakeley, P.R., and Slomka,M.J., Development of an isothermal amplification method for penside detection of avian influenza virus 2011. 8th International Symposium on Avian Influenza, Egham, Surrey. UK 1 – 4 April 2012. Page 33.
Quantitative and qualitative assessments of the fitness-for-purpose of the assays are made in strict accordance with criteria outlined in the OIE manual and presented at the Joint Eighteenth Annual Meetings of the National Laboratories for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease of European Union Member States 2012 (

ToR:To provide diagnostic testing facilities, and, where appropriate, scientific and technical advice on disease control measures to OIE Member Countries

9.Did your laboratory carry out diagnostic testing for other OIE Member Countries?

Yes No

Name of OIE Member Country seeking assistance / Date
(dd/mm) / No. samples received for provision of diagnostic support (i.e. from surveillance campaign) / No. samples received for provision of confirmatory diagnoses
The Netherlands / 17/01 / 5
Nepal / 25/01 / 4
Nepal / 30/01 / 5
Nepal / 01/02 / 2
Sri Lanka / 03/02 / 6
Nepal / 16/02 / 4
Saudi Arabia / 05/03 / 16
Nepal / 23/03 / 5
Egypt / 26/03 / 6
Israel / 28/03 / 3
South Africa / 28/03 / 2
Saudi Arabia / 12/04 / 12
Republic of Ireland / 18/04 / 2
Cyprus / 20/04 / 1
Switzerland / 27/04 / 9
Italy / 16/05 / 6
Kuwait / 31/05 / 40
Norway / 07/06 / 1
Turkey / 14/06 / 19
Malta / 16/08 / 5
Croatia / 14/09 / 1
The Netherlands / 26/09 / 2
Nepal / 23/10 / 12
Romania / 24/10 / 1
Pakistan / 06/12 / 3
France / 13/12 / 2
Estonia / 13/12 / 3
Nepal / 27/12 / 2

10.Did your laboratory provide expert advice in technical consultancies on the request of an OIE Member Country?

Yes No

Name of the OIE Member Country receiving a technical consultancy / Purpose / How the advice was provided
ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (ARC-OVI) / OIE-funded twinning project with AHVLA-Weybridge / Remote assistance
Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory (BNVL) / OIE-funded twinning project with AHVLA-Weybridge / Remote assistance
South African Ostrich business chamber, Department of Agriculture, RSA / Provision of disease and technical consultancy in relation to the control of NAI / International mission
Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, The Netherlands, Poland, Denmark, Germany, Sweden, USA, South Africa, Georgia, Egypt, Israel, Ethiopia, Singapore, Japan / Ad-hoc technical support on AI diagnosis and surveillance / E-mail

ToR:To carry out and/or coordinate scientific and technical studies in collaboration with other laboratories, centres or organisations

11.Did your laboratory participate in international scientific studies in collaboration with OIE Member Countries other than the own?

Yes No

Title of the study / Duration / Purpose of the study / Partners (Institutions) / OIE Member Countries involved other than your country
Bioportal / 2012 / To study the phylogeography and evolution of avian influenza epidemics / UC Davis / USA and other EU member states
EPIZONE / 6 years / Prevention and control of animal diseases to limit the risks and damage caused by those diseases in the EU and beyond. / Many / Various EU member countries
CoVetLab
(‘Club 5”) / Commenced autumn 2012 for 1 year / AHVLA has the lead role in an extension of the below Reference Laboratory activity to evaluate different algorithms for serological identification of NAI in farmed galliformes / AHVLA (UK)
DTU, Copenhagen, Denmark
SVI, Uppsalla, Sweden
CVI, Lelystad, Netherlands / Please see left
Antigone / 5 years / Animal/human understanding of the host response to infection with avian influenza. / Erasmus MC / The Netherlands and numerous EU countries
AHVLA’s Reference Laboratory role to compare different algorithms for serological identification of NAI / Ongoing since 2011 / To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of HI and ELISA for detection of antibodies to H5 avian influenza in farmed anseriforme poultry. / VAR, Brussels, Belgium / UK and Belgium
Sequencing and molecular phylogeny of all eight AI genetic segments in H5N1 HPAI isolates from Vietnam and Nepal. / 2012 / To monitor the evolution of emerging clade 2.3.2 viruses in Vietnam and Nepal during 2009-2012, including the mergence of any reassortants and anti-viral drug-resistant variants. / AHVLA,
National Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics (NCVD), 11-78th Lane, GiaiPhongStreet, Dongda, Hanoi, Vietnam,
Central Veterinary Laboratory Tripureswor, Kathmandu, Nepal / Vietnam
Nepal
Antigenic characterization of H9 / 3 years / To define the antigenic variation in subtype H9 avian influenza for improved vaccine intervention in animals and humans / Hong Kong University / Hong Kong/China

ToR:To collect, process, analyse, publish and disseminate epizootiological data relevant to the designated pathogens or diseases

12.Did your Laboratory collect epizootiological data relevant to international disease control?

Yes No

13.Did your laboratory disseminate epizootiological data that had been processed and analysed?

Yes No

14.What method of dissemination of information is most often used by your laboratory?

(Indicate in the appropriate box the number by category)

1. Articles published in peer-reviewed journals: 18

2. International conferences: 49

3. National conferences: 1

4. Internet/website: 3Book chapter: 2

Non-peer review publication (letter and magazine article): 2

ToR: To provide scientific and technical training for personnel from OIE Member Countries

To recommend the prescribed and alternative tests or vaccines as OIE Standards

15.Did your laboratory provide scientific and technical training to laboratory personnel from other OIE Member Countries?

Yes No

a)Technical visits:...... 5

b)Seminars:...... 15

c)Hands-on training courses:...... 3

d)Internships (>1 month):......

Type of technical training provided (a, b,c or d) / Country of origin of the expert(s) provided with training / No. participants from the corresponding country
a / South Africa / 5
b / South Africa / 15
c / The Netherlands / 1
c / Finland / 1
c / Singapore / 1

ToR:To maintain a system of quality assurance, biosafety and biosecurity relevant for the pathogen and the disease concerned

16.Does your laboratory have a Quality Management System certified according to an International Standard?

Yes No

Quality management system adopted
ISO 17025

17.Is your laboratory accredited by an international accreditation body?

Yes No

Test for which your laboratory is accredited / Accreditation body
Haemagglutination inhibition test / UKAS
AGIDT / UKAS
Matrix (M)-gene PCR / UKAS
H5 real-time PCR / UKAS
H7 real-time PCR (cleavage site) / UKAS
H7 real-time PCR (HA2) / UKAS
Avian influenza virus nucleotide sequencing / UKAS
Neuraminidase inhibition / UKAS
Virus isolation in duck/goose eggs (via allantoic cavity) / UKAS
Virus isolation in SPF eggs (via allantoic cavity) / UKAS
IVPI / UKAS

18.Does your laboratory maintain a “biorisk management system” for the pathogen and the disease concerned? (See Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals 2012, Chapter 1.1.3 orManual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals 2012, Chapter 1.1.1)

Yes No

ToR:To organise and participate in scientific meetings on behalf of the OIE

19.Did your laboratory organise scientific meetings on behalf of the OIE?

Yes No

National/
International / Title of event / Co-organiser / Date (mm/yy) / Location / No. Participants
International / 8th International Symposium on Avian Influenza / OIE, FAO / 1-4 April 2012 / Royal Holloway, University of London / 340
International / Third OFFLU Conference / OIE, FAO / 4-5 April 2012 / Royal Holloway, University of London / 50

20.Did your laboratory participate in scientific meetings on behalf of the OIE?

xYesNo

Title of event / Date
(mm/yy) / Location / Role (speaker, presenting poster, short communications) / Title of the work presented
Twinning initiatives in Africa / June / South Africa / Participant / n/a

ToR:To establish and maintain a network with other OIE Reference Laboratories designated for the same pathogen or disease and organise regular inter-laboratory proficiency testing to ensure comparability of results

21.Did your laboratory exchange information with other OIE Reference Laboratories designated for the same pathogen or disease?

Yes No

22.Was your laboratory involved in maintaining a network with OIE Reference Laboratories designated for the same pathogen or disease by organising or participating in proficiency tests?

Yes No

Purpose of the proficiency tests: (validation of a diagnostic protocol: specify the test; quality control of vaccines: specify the vaccine type, etc.) / Role of your Reference Laboratory (organiser/ participant) / No. participants / Participating OIE Ref. Labs/ organising OIE Ref. Lab.
Conventional and molecular panels for EU NRLs / Organiser / 53 / Belgium, Hungary, Finland, Slovakia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovenia, Republic of Ireland, Estonia, Germany, Romania, Portugal, Czech Republic, Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Italy, Poland, Cyprus, Luxembourg, Norway, Serbia, Macedonia, Singapore, Montenegro, Egypt, Croatia and Russia (1 lab from each); UK, Bulgaria, Greece, The Netherlands, Spain, Israel, France, Ukraine and Switzerland (2 labs from each); Turkey (3 labs) and South Africa (4 labs)
OFFLU proficiency panels / Participant / c 50 / United States Department of Agriculture, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, IA, USA (Organiser)

23.Did your laboratory collaborate with other OIE Reference Laboratories for the same disease on scientific research projects for the diagnosis or control of the pathogen of interest?

Yes No

ToR:To organise inter-laboratory proficiency testing with laboratories other than OIE Reference Laboratories for the same pathogens and diseases to ensure equivalence of results.

24.Did your laboratory organise or participate in inter-laboratory proficiency tests with laboratories other than OIE Reference Laboratories for the same disease?

YesNo

ToR: To place expert consultants at the disposal of the OIE

25.Did your laboratory place expert consultants at the disposal of the OIE?

Yes No

Kind of consultancy / Location / Subject (facultative )
Provision of comments on OIE Standards / Comments to Chapter 1.1.1 OIE Terrestrial Manual

Publication and dissemination of information relevant to the work of OIE (including list of scientific publications, internet publishing activities, presentations at international conferences)

Book chapters

  1. BrownI.H. (2012) History and Epidemiology of Swine Influenza in Europe. Current Topics In Microbiology and Immunology: Swine influenza. Editors J.StechR.Webby. Springer.
    DOI: 10/1007/82_2011_194.
  2. Van Reeth, K., Brown I.H.; Olsen C.W., (2012). Influenza virus. In: Zimmerman JJ (ed); Karriker LA (ed); Ramirez A (ed) et al, Diseases of swine, 10th ed, Wiley-Blackwell, Ames, Iowa, 2012, 557-571.

Scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals

  1. Arnold, M.E., Irvine, R.M., Tearne, O., Rae, D., Cook, A.J.C., and Breed, A.C., Investigation into sampling strategies in response to potential outbreaks of Low Pathogenicity Notifiable Avian Influenza initiated in commercial duck holdings in Great Britain. Epidemiology and Infection. (2012). First view pp 1-12, Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012. DOI: (About DOI) Published 16 July 2012.
  2. Nelli, R.K., Dunham, S.P., Kuchipudi, S.V., White, G.A., Baquero-Perez, B., Chang, P., Ghaemmaghami, A., Brookes, S.M., Brown, I.H., and Chang, K-C., (2012): Mammalian innate resistance to highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus infection is mediated through reduced pro-inflammation and infectious virus release. Journal of Virology 86 (17) 9201-9210.
  3. Dundon, W.G., Heidari, A., Fusaro, A., Monne, I., Beato, M.S., Cattoli, G., Koch, G.Starick, E., Brown, I.H., Aldous, E.W., Briand, F.X., Le Gall-Recule, G., Jestin, V., Jørgensen, P.H., Berg, M., Zohari, S., Metreveli, G., Munir, M., Stah, I.K., Albina, E., Hammoumi, S., Gil, P., de Almeida, R.S., Smietanka, K., Domanska-Blicharz, K., Minta, Z., Van Borm, S., van den Berg T, Martin, A. M, Barbieri, I., and Capua, I.,(2012). Genetic data from avian influenza and avian paramyxoviruses generated by the European network of excellence (EPIZONE) between 2006 and 2011: review and recommendations for surveillance. Veterinary Microbiology 27; 154 (3-4):209-21.
  4. Kuchipudi, S.V., Dunham, S.P., Nelli, R., White, G.A., Coward, V.J., Slomka, M.J., Brown, I.H., and Chang, K-C., (2012) Rapid death of duck cells infected with influenza: a potential mechanism for host resistance to H5N1. Immunology and Cell biology, 90 (1) 116-123.
  5. Gambaryan, A.S., Matrosovich, T.Y., Philipp, J., Munster, V.J., Fouchier, R.A.M., Cattoli, G., Capua, l., Krauss, S.L., Webster, R.G., Banks, J., Bovin, N.V., Klenk, H-D., and Matrosovich, M.N., (2012) : Receptor-binding Profiles of H7 Subtype Influenza Viruses in Different Host Species. Journal of Virology. 86 (8) 4370-4379.
  6. Saenz, R.A., Essen, S.C., Brookes, S.M., Iqbal, M., Wood, J.L.N., Grenfell, B. T., McCauley, J.W., Brown, I.H., and Gog, J.R, Quantifying Transmission of Highly Pathogenic and Low Pathogenicity H7N1 Avian Influenza in Turkeys. PLoS ONE. (2012) 7(9):
    e45059.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045059.
  7. Iqbal, M., Essen, S. C., Xiao H.X., Brookes, S.M., Brown, I. H., and McCauley, J.W., (2012) Selection of Variant Viruses during replication and transmission of H7N1 viruses in chickens and turkeys. Journal of Virology July 12. Virology 433 (2) 282–295.
  8. Kuchipudi, S.V., Tellabati, M., Nelli, R.K., White, G.A., Perez, B.B., Sebastian, S., Slomka, M.J., Brookes, S.M., Brown, I.H., Dunham, S.P., and Chang, K.C., (2012): 18SrRNA is a reliable normalisation gene for real time PCR based on influenza virus infected cells. Virology Journal.2012, 9:230. DOI: 10.1186/1743-422X-9-230 URL:
  9. Roelandt, S., Outtrim, L., Browning, C., Alexander, D.J., Brown, I.H., and Irvine, R., (2012):Evaluation of two different swab transport systems in the detection of avian influenza virus excretion from infected Pekin ducks (Anasplatyrhynchos). Journal of Virological Methods. 184 (1-2) 8-14.
  10. Slomka, M.J., To, L.T., Tong, H.H., Coward, V.J., Hanna, A., Shell, W., Pavlidis, T., Densham, A.L.E., Kargiolakis, G., Arnold, M.E., Banks, J., and Brown. I.H., (2012): Challenges for accurate and prompt molecular diagnosis of clades of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses emerging in Vietnam. Avian Pathology 41 (2) 177 – 193.
  11. Löndt, B.Z., Brookes, S.M., Nash, B.J., Nunez, A., Stagg, D.A., and Brown, I.H., (2012): The infectivity of pandemic 2009 H1N1 and avian influenza viruses for pigs: an assessment by ex vivo respiratory tract organ culture. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2012.00397.x. [Epub ahead of print]
  12. Parker, C.D., Reid, S.M., Ball, A., Cox, W.J., Essen, S.C., Hanna, A.,Mahmood, S., Slomka, M.J., Irvine, R.M., and Brown, I.H., (2012): First reported detection of a low pathogenicity avian influenza virus subtype H9 infection in domestic fowl in England. Veterinary Record.
  13. Arnold, M.E., Slomka, M.J., Coward, V.J., Mahmood, S., Raleigh, P.J., and Brown, I.H., (2012): Evaluation of the pooling of swabs for real-time PCR detection of low titre shedding of low pathogenicity avian influenza in turkeys. Epidemiology and Infection. Available on CJO 2012 doi: 10.1017/SO950268812001811 Sept 2012, pp 1 – 12. Published online 03 Sept 2012.
  14. Slomka, M.J., To, T.L., Tong, H.H., Coward, V.J., Mawhinney, I.C., Banks, J., and Brown, I.H., (2012): Evaluation of lateral flow devices for identification of infected poultry by testing swab and feather specimens during H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in Vietnam. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses.6 (5) 318–327. DOI: 10.1111/j.1750- 2659.2011.00317.x
  15. Breed, A.C., Irvine, R.M., Duncan, D., Rae, D., Snow, L., Cook, A.J.C., and Brown, I.H: (2012) An Evaluation of Wild Bird Avian Influenza Surveillance in Great Britain. Avian Diseases, 56 (4s1)986 -991Dec 2012.
  16. Londt, B.Z., Brookes, S.M., Kelly, M.D., Nash, B.N., and Brown, I.H., (2012): Failure to infect pigs co-housed with ducks or chickens infected experimentally with A/turkey/Turkey/1/2005 (H5N1) highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Veterinary Microbiology 162 (2013) 944–948.
  17. Pybus, O.G., Perrins, C.M., Choudhury, B., Manvell, R.J., Nunez, A., Schulenburg, B., Sheldon, B.C., and Brown, I.H., (2012) : The ecology and age structure of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus outbreak in wild mute swans. Parasitology 139(14):1914-1923. doi: 10.1017/S0031182012000261.
  18. Reid, S.M., Cox, W.J., Ceeraz, V., Sutton, D., Essen, S.C., Howard, W.A., Slomka, M.J., Irvine, R.M., and Brown, I.H., (2012) First Reported Detection of Influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 in Turkeys in the United Kingdom (2012). Avian Diseases (8th International Symposium on AI Special Issue). Avian Diseases 56: 1062 – 1067, 2012.
  • Non Peer Review

1. Irvine, R.M (2012). Emerging Disease Threats in GB Poultry.NFU, Poultry Forum magazine, February 2012.