Of the Workshop Held by COST Action G9 and FIG Commission 7

Proceedings

of the Workshop held by “COST Action G9” and “FIG Commission 7”

on 9 and 10 December 2004 at Bamberg University, Germany

Standardization in the Cadastral Domain

Editors

Peter van Oosterom

Christoph Schlieder

Jaap Zevenbergen

Claudia Hess

Christiaan Lemmen

Elfriede Fendel

Graphic design cover

Axel Smits

Published by

The International Federation of Surveyors, 2005 (second edition)

Lindevangs Alle 4

DK-2000 Frederiksberg

Denmark

ISBN-87-90907-36-1

Standardization in the Cadastral Domain

Scientific Program Committee, Organization Committee, Local Organization Committee...... vii

Preface

Peter van Oosterom, the Netherlands...... ix

Semantics, Ontology and Knowledge Engineering

Keynote Address: Comparing European Cadastres - Methodological Questions

Andrew Frank, Austria...... 1

Ontology-based Verification of Core Model Conformity in Conceptual Modeling

Claudia Hess, Christoph Schlieder, Germany...... 15

The Cadastral System as a Socio-Technical System

Maarten Ottens, the Netherlands...... 31

From Models to Data: a Prototype Query Translator for the Cadastral Domain

Claudia Hess, Germany, Marian de Vries, the Netherlands...... 43

Geo-ICT Industry

Cadastre 2014 – From Vision to GIS

Carsten Bjornsson, USA...... 57

Extensible Models and Templates for Sustainable Land Information Management – Intent and Purpose

Pierre le Roux, France...... 71

Observation on the Proposed Standardized Cadastral Domain Model –

Where Do We Go From Here?

Louis Hecht, USA...... 85

Profile Definition for a Standardized Cadastral Model

Hugh Asthe, Greg Mulholland, Rick Nyarady, Canada...... 99

Legal and Administrative Issues

Direction in ModelingLand Registration and Cadastre Domain –

Aspects of EULIS Glossary Approach, Semantics and Information Services

Esa Tiainen, Finland...... 117

Expanding the Legal/Administrative Package of the Cadastral Domain Model –

From Grey to Yellow

Jaap Zevenbergen, the Netherlands...... 139

A Legal Cadastral Domain Model

Jesper Mayntz Paasch, Sweden...... 145

Developing Cadastres to Service Complex Property Markets

Jude Wallace, Ian Williamson, Australia...... 149

Model

Assessment of the Core Cadastral Domain Model from a Cadastre 2014 Point of View

Jürg Kaufmann, Christian Kaul, Switzerland...... 165

Remarks and Observations Related to the Further Development of the Core Cadastral Domain Model

Peter van Oosterom, Christiaan Lemmen and Paul van der Molen, the Netherlands...... 175

Cadastral Modeling – Grasping the Objectives

Erik Stubkjær, Denmark...... 193

Moving Focus from Organisation to Information

Tommy Ljunggren, Sweden...... 207

Testing in Different Countries

Swiss Cadastral Core Data Model – Experiences of the Last 15 Years

Daniel Steudler, Switzerland...... 217

A Modular Standard for the Cadastral Domain: Application to the Portuguese Cadastre

João Paulo Hespanha, Portugal, Peter van Oosterom, the Netherlands,

Jaap Zevenbergen, the Netherlands, Gonçalo Paiva Dias, Portugal...... 231

Standards and New IT Developments in Hungarian Cadastre

Gyula Iván, Szabolcs Mihály, Gábor Szabó, Zoltán Weninger, Hungary...... 257

Modelling of Land Privatisation Process in Belarus

Marina Vaskovich, Belarus...... 273

Sub Working Group Session Themes...... 287

Reference Paper

Amodular standard for the Cadastral Domain

Christiaan Lemmen, Paul van der Molen, Peter van Oosterom, Hendrik Ploeger,

Wilko Quak, Jantien Stoter and Jaap Zevenbergen...... 293

Scientific Program Committee:

Peter Bartak (Intergraph, Europe)
Jaap Besemer (TU Delft, the Netherlands)
Oscar Custers (Bentley, USA)
Peter Dale (UK)
Kevin Daugherty (ESRI, USA)
Wim Devos (JRC, Italy)
Yerach Doytsher (Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Israel)
Stig Enemark (Aalborg UniversityDenmark)
Joseph Forrai (Survey of Israel)
Andrew Frank (TU Vienna, Austria)
Stefan Gustafsson (EULIS representatieve, Lantmäteriet, Sweden)
Winfried Hawerk (Hamburg, Geoinformation and Surveying Agency, Germany, FIG Commission 7, vice-chair)
Jerry Johnson (ESRI, USA)
Jitske de Jong (TU Delft, the Netherlands)
Jürg Kaufmann (Consultant, Switzerland)
Gili Kirschner (legal advisor of the Survey of Israel)
Christiaan Lemmen (Kadaster/ITC, FIG Commission 7, the Netherlands)
Hans Mattsson (Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden)
John McLaughlin (University of New Brunswick, Canada)
Paul van der Molen (Kadaster, the Netherlands, FIG Commission. 7, chair)
Gerhard Muggenhuber (BEV, Austria, FIG Commission 3, chair)
Greg Mulholland (CARIS, Canada)
Helge Onsrud (Statetens kartverk, Oslo, Norway)
Peter van Oosterom (TU Delft, the Netherlands), chair
Günther Plicher (OpenGIS Consortium Europe, Münich office, Germany)
Siva Ravada (Oracle, USA)
Bengt Rystedt (Lantmäteriet, Sweden)
Jes Ryttersgaard (National Survey and Cadastre Denmark)
Christoph Schlieder (Bamberg University, Germany)
Guus Schreiber (W3C, semantic web)
Erik Stubkjaer (Aalborg University, Denmark)
Heiner Stuckenschmidt (VU Amsterdam, the Netherlands)
Michael Sutherland (University of New Brunswick, Canada)
Mika Törhönen (FAO)
Christoph Twaroch (Austrian Ministry in charge of cadastre)
Ian Williamson (University of Melbourne, Australia)
Jaap Zevenbergen (TU Delft, the Netherlands)

Organization Committee:

Christoph Schlieder (Bamberg University, Germany and COST G9), chair
Peter van Oosterom (TU Delft, the Netherlands and COST G9)
Jaap Zevenbergen (TU Delft, the Netherlands and COST G9)
Christiaan Lemmen (Kadaster/ITC, FIG Commission 7, the Netherlands)
Elfriede M. Fendel (TU Delft, the Netherlands)
Claudia Hess (Bamberg University, Germany)
Cornelia Pickel (Bamberg University, Germany)

Preface

Peter van OOSTEROM, The Netherlands

(chair of the scientific program commitee)

One of the big problems in the cadastral domain is the lack of a shared set of concepts and terminology. International standardization of these concepts (that is, the development of an ontology) could possibly resolve many of these communication problems. There are several motivations behind these standardization efforts, such as meaningful exchange of information between organizations, or efficient component-based system development through applying standardized models. It should be emphasised that a cadastral system entails land registration, the ‘administrative/legal component', and (geo referenced) cadastral mapping, the ‘spatial component'. Together, these components facilitate land administration and a land registry/cadastral system provides the environment in which this process takes place. Data are initially collected, maintained and, probably the most relevant issue in standardization: disseminated in a distributed environment, which in principle means that data could be maintained by different organizations, such as municipalities or other planning authorities, private surveyors, conveyancers and land registrars –– depending on the local traditions. Standardization of the cadastral domain is in the initial phase and many non-co-ordinated initiatives can be identified.

1. GOALS OF THE WORKSHOP

As indicated above standardization of the cadastral domain serves several purposes. In order to develop this, the workshop will try to bring together representatives from different communities and disciplines involved in the cadastral domain: legal specialists, surveyors, ICT-specialists, etc. from different organizations (land registry and cadastral organizations, standardization institutes, industry and academia). An initial model has been developed based on the results of a first workshop (Lemmen et al., 2003) and will be used as a reference for further development. However, the workshop is not limited to this specific model alone and also includes (1) efforts at the national level that do not (directly) aim at an international standard, (2) work that goes beyond the current scope of the core cadastral model and addresses for instance process modelling.

The specific goals for this workshop are to bring together the different communities, publish the results (in this book) and standardize the cadastral domain model, with emphasis on:

Further developing the administrative/legal aspects of the model: rights of persons to lands, customary and so called ‘informal rights’, 3D aspects, legal and survey based source documents;
Further formalizing the model (semantics ontology, knowledge engineering);
Testing the current model in different countries (evaluation);
Involving the geo-ICT industry and standardization institutes (support for implementations of the model).

Of great importance for the implementation of interoperable cadastral and land information data could be the Land Information Initiative of the OpenGeospatial Consortium (OGC), covering among others the translation between LandXML and Geography Markup Language (GML) XML encodings of relevant object classes.

2. FORMAT OF THE WORKSHOP

The workshop will consist of a mixture of presentations and discussion (PD) sessions and sub-workgroup (SWG) sessions on specific themes, according to the following format:

9 December 2004, morning: two PD sessions
9 December 2004, afternoon: four parallel SWG sessions, and one PD session
10 December 2004, morning: one PD session, one block (continued) of parallel SWG sessions
10 December 2004, afternoon: one PD session, one closing session (results of SWG sessions)

3. MOTIVATION

Standardization of the cadastral domain is relevant because computerized cadastral systems can support a customer and market-driven organization with changing demands and requirements. Customers want to have an efficient on line information service that links to the database(s) of cadastral organizations. The application software to support cadastral processes is extending continuously in many countries because of changing requirements. In the future the volume of cross border information exchanges are expected to increase, particularly within the European Union. The more remote that the data user is from the data source, the more important it becomes to ensure that the data are well defined –– for the obvious reason that remote users are likely to have much reduced local knowledge to assist them in interpretation. Trying to make the meaning of the data explicit is therefore an important step in facilitating meaningful exchanges of information across greater distances. The concepts used have to be well defined and structured (that is, related to one other), and this entails development of a cadastral domain ontology. One potential way to express parts of this ontology is UML (Unified Modeling Language) class diagrams.

Cadastral data that are accessible in a computerized environment can (significantly) increase the demand for cadastral data in the cadastral market. Standardization definitively contributes to efficient development and renewal of cadastral systems, also in developing countries. Many land registry or cadastre organizations implemented their computerized systems between 10 and 20 years ago. These systems are now outdated, and their maintenance is complex and expensive. The organizations are now increasingly confronted with rapid developments in the technology: there is a technology push driven by developments in the Internet, (geo-)databases, modeling standards, open systems, GIS; and a market pull driven by an increasing demand for enhanced user requirements, e-governance, sustainable development, electronic conveyancing, and integration of public data and systems. A great deal of effort is being devoted to the development of viable strategies for the modernization of the ICT systems of land registry and cadastral organizations. Standardization in the cadastral domain would help (geo-)ICT vendors, as it would allow them to invest their efforts in the development of a (generic) system, based on the concepts as described in UML class diagrams, instead of focusing on a single cadastral organization. This would stimulate the availability of generic (object-oriented) standard software from multiple (geo-)ICT vendors from which the cadastral organizations can make a selection. This will provide them with the fundament of new systems (in ways that are largely compatible with the concepts used in other countries), without developing everything from scratch: only local modification and extensions would need to be developed.

Whilst access to data, its collection, maintaining and updating should be facilitated at a local level, the overall land information infrastructure should be recognized as belonging to a uniform national service so as to promote sharing within and between countries. A core cadastral domain model in which classes and associations between classes representing objects, attributes and operations are derived from different tenure systems could, in the opinion of the workshop organizers, definitively contribute to the efficient fulfillment of local cadastral needs. To summarize, a standardized core cadastral domain model will serve at least two important goals: it will avoid re-inventing and re-implementing the same functionality over and over again, instead it will provide an extensible basis for efficient and effective cadastral system development, and it will enable stakeholders, both within one country and between different countries, to engage in meaningful communication based on the shared ontology implied by the model.

Elma Bast is gratefully acknowledged for putting the 'last dots on the i' during the production of the book version of these workshop proceedings.

REFERENCES

Lemmen, C., P. van der Molen, P. van Oosterom, H. Ploeger, W. Quak, J. Stoter, and J. Zevenbergen,(2003). Amodular standard for the Cadastral Domain, Digital Earth 2003 - Information Resources for Global Sustainability The 3rd International Symposium on Digital Earth, 21-15 September 2003, Brno, Czech Republic. (This reference paper is included as last paper in those proceedings).

COST- the acronym for European COoperation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research- is the oldest and widest Europeanintergovernmental network for cooperation in research. Established by the Ministerial Conference in November 1971, COST is presently used by the scientific communities of 35 European countries to cooperate in common research projects supported by national funds. The funds provided by COST - less than 1% of the total value of the projects -support the COSTcooperation networks (COST Actions) through which, with only around €20 million per year, more than 30.000 European scientists are involved in research having a total value which exceeds €2 billion per year. This is the financial worth of the European added value which COST achieves. A “bottom upapproach” (the initiative of launching a COST Action comes from the European scientists themselves), “à la carte participation” (only countries interested in the Actionparticipate), “equality of access” (participation is open also to the scientific communities of countries not belonging to the European Union) and “flexible structure” (easy implementation and light management of the research initiatives ) are the main characteristics of COST. As precursor of advanced multidisciplinary research COST has a very important role for the realisation of the European Research Area (ERA) anticipating and complementing the activities of the Framework Programmes, constituting a “bridge” towards the scientific communities of emerging countries, increasing the mobility of researchers across Europe and fostering the establishment of “Networks of Excellence” in many key scientific domains such as: Physics, Chemistry, Telecommunications and Information Science, Nanotechnologies, Meteorology, Environment, Medicine and Health, Forests, Agriculture and Social Sciences. It covers basic and more applied research and also addresses issues of pre-normative nature or of societal importance.

FIG – the International Federation of Surveyors was founded in 1878 in Paris. It is a federation of national associations and is the only international body that represents all surveying disciplines. It is a UN-recognised non-government organisation (NGO) and its aim is to ensure that the disciplines of surveying and all who practise them meet the needs of the markets and communities that they serve. It realises its aim by promoting the practice of the profession and encouraging the development of professional standards.

FIG’s activities are governed by a plan of work which is regularly reviewed against a longer-term strategic plan. The current plan of work focuses on the surveyor’s response to social, economic, technological and environmental change and the particular needs of countries in economic transition. FIG also recognises that markets for surveyors’ services are constantly changing. The plan accordingly lays emphasis on strengthening professional institutions; promoting professional development; and encouraging surveyors to acquire new skills and techniques so that they may be properly equipped to meet the needs of society and the environment.

Of the Workshop Held by COST Action G9 and FIG Commission 7

Proceedings

Standardization in the Cadastral Domain

Sponsored by

Editors

Graphic design cover

Standardization in the Cadastral Domain

Table of Contents

Semantics, Ontology and Knowledge Engineering

Geo-ICT Industry

Legal and Administrative Issues

Model

Reference Paper

Scientific Program Committee: