Oceanographymiss. A. Gosselin

OceanographyMiss. A. Gosselin

Chapter 12 PPT Outline

Marine Life and the Marine Environment

Chapter Overview

•There are more than ______identified marine species.

•Most live in ______.

•A species’ success depends on the ability to

–______,

–______,

–______, and

–cope with physical barriers to movement.

•Marine organisms are adapted to the ocean’s physical properties.

Classification of Life

•Three domains

–______

–______

–______

Classification of Living Organisms

•Five kingdoms

–______

–______

–______

–______

–______

Five Kingdoms of Organisms

•______

–Simplest organisms, single-celled

–Cyanobacteria, heterotrophic bacteria, archaea

•______

–Single- and multicelled with nucleus

–Algae, protozoa

•______

–Mold, lichen

•______

–Multicelled photosynthetic plants

–Surf grass, eelgrass, mangrove, marsh grasses

•______

–Multicelled animals

–Range from simple sponges to complex vertebrates

Taxonomic Classification

•______– 1758

–Developed basis of modern classification of organisms

•______– systematic classification of organisms

–______

–______

•Kingdom

•Phylum

•Class

•Order

•Family

•Genus

•Species

–Fundamental unit

–Population of genetically similar, interbreeding individuals

Classification of Marine Organisms

•______(floaters)

•______(swimmers)

•______(bottom dwellers)

Types of Plankton

•Most______on Earth consists of ______

•Phytoplankton

–______

•Zooplankton

–______

•Bacterioplankton

•Virioplankton

•______

–Entire lives as plankton

•______

–Part of lives as plankton

–Juvenile or larval stages

•______

–Large floaters such as jellyfish or Sargassum

•______

–Very small floaters such as bacterioplankton

Life Cycle of a Squid

______

•Independent swimmers

•Most adult fish and squid

•Marine mammals

•Marine reptiles

______

•______live on the surface of the sea floor.

•______live buried in sediments.

•______swim or crawl through water above the seafloor.

•Benthos are most abundant in shallower water.

•Many live in perpetual darkness, coldness, and stillness.

Hydrothermal Vent Communities

•Abundant and large deep-ocean benthos

•Discovered in 1977

•Associated with ______

•Bacteria-like archaeon produce food using ______.

Number of Marine Species

•More______species than ______species

•Ocean has relatively ______

•Less adaptation required, less speciation

•Marine species overwhelmingly benthic (98%) rather than pelagic (2%)

Adaptations of Marine Organisms

•The marine environment is more ______than land.

•Organisms in the ocean are less able to withstand ______.

•Marine animals do not risk desiccation.

•Physical support

–______

–How to resist sinking

–Different support structures in cold (fewer) rather than warm (more appendages) seawater

–Smaller size

•High surface area to volume ratio

–Unusual appendages to increase surface area

•______in micro-organisms to increase buoyancy

Viscosity and Streamlining Adaptations

•Streamlining important for ______organisms

•Less resistance to fluid flow

•Flattened body

•Tapering back end

Temperature and Marine Life

•Narrow range of temperature in oceans

•Smaller variations (daily, seasonally, annually)

•Deep ocean is nearly______

Ocean Temperature

•More stable than land for four reasons

–Higher ______of water

–Ocean warming reduced by______

–______penetrates deeply into ocean layers

–Ocean mixing

Cold vs. Warm Water Species

•______in cooler seawater

•More______in warmer seawater

•Tropical organisms ______

•More species in ______

•More biomass in cooler seawater (upwelling)

Temperature and Marine Organisms

•______

–Organisms withstand small variation in temperature

–Typically live in open ocean

•______

–Organisms withstand large variation in temperature

–Typically live in coastal waters

Salinity and Marine Organisms

•______

–Organisms withstand only small variation in______

–Typically live in ______

•Euryhaline

–Organisms withstand large variation in ______

–Typically live ______, e.g., estuaries

Salinity Adaptations

•Extracting minerals from______

•High concentration to low concentration

–______

–______permeable to nutrients,

–Waste passes from cell to ocean

Osmosis

•Water molecules move from______concentrated to ______concentrated solutions

•Osmotic pressure

–In more concentrated solutions

–Prevents ______

•Isotonic

•Hypertonic

•Hypotonic

Marine Vs. Freshwater Fish

Dissolved Gases

•Animals extract dissolved oxygen (O2) from seawater through ______

•Gills exchange ______directly with seawater.

•Low marine oxygen levels can ______.

•Gill structure and location varies among animals.

Water’s Transparency

•Many marine organisms ______

•Some marine organisms are nearly______.

–Elude predators

–Stalk prey

–

Adaptations to Marine Environment

•Camouflage through ______

•______– dark on top, light on bottom

•______– large bold patterns, contrasting colors make animal blend into background