1
Oceans
I. 4 major oceans on Earth
· ______
· ______
· ______
· ______
II. Composition
A. Dissolved gases - ______1. ______
2. ______3. ______
B. Salinity
· ______
1. Avg. ocean salinity = ______(or ppt. parts per thousand)
2. If you evaporate ______, ______will be left behind.
3. Measured with instruments that test for ______
4. ______
5. Sources of ocean salinity include: volcanoes; erosion carried by glaciers, streams, and waves breaking on shore
6. Salinity ______where large amounts of ______are entering any ocean:
a. ______
b. ______
c. ______
• Ex. ______= 30.0 g/kg because ______
7. Salinity ______where climates are ______
• Evaporation is taking away fresh water and leaving salts behind:
a. Latitudes between ______Ex. ______
b. ______Only fresh water forms ______and the ______
III. Pressure
• ______
A. Pressure at the bottom of the ______is ______greater than ______
• Depth is about 11,000 m or 36,000 ft.
• There is so much water pushing down from above at this depth that the force is 7.8 tons per square in.
B. ______
IV. Density
• - ______
A. Density of ______is greatest at approx. ______
B. ______or ______temperature from this # causes a
______in density.
C. As ______the temperature of maximum density and the freezing ______
D. ______
1. ______
2. ______
V. The Argo Ocean Profiling Network
• International project to monitor ocean ______, ______, & ______to improve the understanding of Earth's ______.
B. Thermocline
• ______
______
• ______
.
• ______= temperature
• cline = ______
Thermocline presence & depth vary with latitude
Sunlight & The Ocean
C. ______ - the sunlit upper layer that receives
adequate light for photosynthesis area where algae grows.
D. ______- area below the photic zone where too
little light penetrates for plants to survive
E. Ocean Color
· Caused by water absorbing ______wavelengths of visible light (red & yellow)
· ______penetrate to greater depths.
· Near shore shallow water tends to have more ______
· ______more green & yellow giving the shore area a slightly lighter color.
II. Thermohaline Circulation-
· ______
______
· ______
· ______-likened to
conveyor belts- is an important ______
______.
A.Water Mass
· ______
· Relatively ______
· Identifiable based on its ______
______
· A water mass of greater density (colder and/or more saline) ______
______
· Flow of water masses is very ______
.
· ______or more may pass before water generated at a high colder latitude returns to the surface.
Water Masses
Water mass A and water mass B have different
temperatures and salinities but the same
______as plotted in figure to the right
When these two water masses mix in equal proportions,
the ______and the ______
as shown by C.
III. Ocean Bottom
• Parts of the ocean bottom are ______
• Most of the ocean bottom is unchanged geologically except for ______
______
• Mapped & studied ______
A. Continental Margin
1. ______
2. ______
3. ______
1. Continental Shelf - ______
• ______, out to a depth of about 200 m (655 ft)
• Widest where shelf is passive (no plate boundary nearby)
Ex. North American Continental ______
• ______
______
2. Continental Slope - ______
· has deep______
· area ______
______
* Submarine Canyons –
· Steep-sided slices in the ______
· ______
· ______
______
* Turbidity Currents -
· ______
______sediment from rivers
· ______than normal seawater
· ______
· Powerful agents of ______
· Believed to be the cause ______
______
3. Continental Rise - ______
* ______ - accumulated sediments at the bottom of
the Continental Rise
B. Ocean Basin - average depth is 3800 m (12,500 ft); topography varies
1. Flat Abyssal Plains- covered in sediments
a. Oozes- ______
b. Muds & Clays
c. Turbidites - deposits made by Turbidity currents that ______
______
d. Authigenic Sediments - sediments that did not fall to the ocean floor but
______
Ex. ______
2. Deep Trenches - ______
Ex. ______
3. Seamounts -
· Formed by ______
rising more than 1000m (3300 ft) above the ocean floor;
· The ______are seamounts that got so large
they extend beyond the ______
4. Guyots {GHEE ohs} ______
5. Coral Atoll -
· ______
______
______
· Formed as ______up around an island as the
island was ______
6. Submarine Mountain Ranges-
· ______
______