29-1 “Marching Towards War”
Rising Tensions
Below the surface of peace and goodwill, Europe witnessed several gradual developments that would ultimately help propel the continent into war.
O The Rise of Nationalism
o Europe enjoys ______in late 1800s but ______lie below the surface
o Growing nationalism leads to competition among nations
o Nationalism in the ______leads many groups to demand independence
O Imperialism and Militarism
o Imperialism and the quest for colonies sometimes pushed European nations to the brink of war and ______the sense of ______and ______
o The nations of Europe took pride in having strong militaries and being prepared for war. This led to a dangerous ______
o Glorifying military power is called ______
Tangled Alliances
Growing ______and mutual mistrust had led to the creation of several military alliances among the Great Powers as early as the ______. This alliance system had been designed to keep peace in Europe. But it would instead help push the continent into war.
O Bismarck Forges Early Pacts
o Germany’s Otto von Bismarck works to keep peace in Europe aft 1871
o Believes ______wants revenge for loss in 1870 Franco-Prussian War
o Seeks to isolate the French with a series of treaties and alliances:
o Signs treaty with ______in 1881
o Forms ______in 1882
§ Germany
§ Austria-Hungary
§ Italy
O Shifting Alliances Threaten Peace
o Kaiser Wilhelm II becomes German ruler
o Foreign policy ______begin in 1890 with dismissal of Bismarck
o Alliance with Russia ______; Russia then allies with France
o Efforts to strengthen German navy, which alarms Britain
o ______alliance in 1907
§ Britain
§ France
§ Russia
Crisis in the Balkans
This mountainous peninsula in the southeastern corner of Europe was home to an assortment of ethnic groups. With a long history of nationalist uprisings and ethnic clashes, the Balkans was known as the ______of Europe.
O A Restless Region
o By the early 1900s the ______had declined and the peoples of the Balkans had formed new nations: Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania, and Serbia.
o Serbia had a large Slavic population and was supported by Russia.
o In 1908, Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina. ______leaders were outraged and ______between the two nations rose.
O A Shot Rings Throughout Europe
o On June 28, 1914 the heir to the throne of Austria, Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie, paid a visit to ______, the capital of ______. Foolishly, they were riding in an open car.
o The couple was shot by 19-year-old ______, a Serbian nationalist member of the terrorist organization Black Hand.
o ______delivers an ______to ______with numerous demands on July 23, 1914. Serbia agreed to most of the demands trying to avoid war.
O The War Begins
o July 28, 1914: Austria ______Serbia’s offer of most of the demands and declared war on Serbia.
o Russia, the protector of Serbia, mobilizes its forces toward the Austrian border.