Notes: Chapter FiveDate:

The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

  1. Polymers
  2. Polymer –
  3. Monomer –
  4. Formation of polymers
  5. Dehydration reaction –
  1. Hydrolysis –
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Carbohydrates are also known as ______.
  3. Monosaccharide –
  4. Disaccharide –
  5. Polysaccharide –
  6. T he general molecular formula is ______. The most common monosaccharide is ______and has the formula ______.
  7. Glucose has a ______and several ______groups.
  8. Sugars can be classified by the location of the ______group, by their ______, and by the type of ______they form.
  9. The covalent bonds formed between each monosaccharide is a ______.

  1. Polysaccharides
  2. Polysaccharides are macromolecules of a couple thousand ______joined by glycosidic linkages.
  3. Examples of polysaccharides
  4. Starch –
  5. Glycogen –
  6. Cellulose –
  7. Chitin -
  1. Lipids – Diverse Hydrophobic Molecules
  2. This group is made up of molecules with one common characteristic, all lipids have little or no ______for ______. All lipids have a ______area, otherwise they are very different from each other.
  3. Common lipids include:
  4. The most common lipid is the ______.
  5. A fat is made of a ______molecule and three ______chains. A fatty acid is essentially a long ______chain.
  6. Saturated fat –
  7. examples
  8. Unsaturated fat –
  9. examples
  1. The group of phospholipids are similar to fats, but only have ______fatty acid tails instead of three.
  2. Phospholipids make up the ______membrane and have many important properties.
  3. Phopholipids in the cell membrane orientate themselves into a bi-layer with the ______tails pointed at each other and the ______heads point outward.

A cross section of a phopholipid bilayer between two aqueous compartments. Such bilayers, are the main fabric of biological membranes.

  1. Steroids are another group of lipids. ______is an example of a steroid and so are ______.
  1. Proteins – Many Structures, Many Functions
  2. The functional group of a protein is an ______. Polymers of amino acids are called ______. A ______is one or more polypeptides folded into specific conformations.
  3. The structure of an amino acid. Every amino acid contains an ______group, a ______, a ______group, and an ______group.
  4. The R group is different in each of the _____ amino acids. The ______of the R group affects the ______of the amino acid.
  5. Amino acids fall into four groups:
  6. The covalent bond formed between amino acids is called a ______bond.
  7. There are four levels of protein structure.
  8. Primary –
  9. Secondary –
  10. alpha helix
  11. beta sheet
  12. Tertiary -
  13. Quanternary –

  1. Nucleic Acids – Informational Polymers
  2. There are two types of nucleic acids: ______and ______.
  3. DNA is the ______material that organisms inherit from their parents.
  4. CENTRAL DOGMA OF BIOLOGY
  5. ______ ______ ______
  6. The structure of nucleic acids
  7. The monomer of nucleic acid is the ______.
  8. The nucleotide consists of a ______, a ______, and a ______group.
  1. The sugar in DNA is ______while the sugar in RNA is ______.
  1. There are two types of bases found in nucleic acids.
  2. Pyrimidines –
  3. Purines –
  1. As a polymer, the strucuture of DNA is a ______.
  2. DNA and proteins can be used as a tape measure for ______. We can compare the DNA sequence and the proteins formed between different species to compare their relationships.