Notes: Carbon Compounds
Chapter 2-3 and 2-4
Chemistry of Carbon
1. Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds (______)
2. Carbon can bond with: ______
Bonding Symbols
A single bond: ______
A double bond: ______
A triple bond: ______
Single Bond Double Bond Triple Bond
Macromolecules
1. Macromolecules are “Giant molecules”
2. Consist of monomers (smaller units) that join together to form polymers (large molecules of repeating units- monomers- bonded together by covalent bonds)
§ The process of bonding monomers together is called ______.
· Dehydration Reaction – ______
______
· Hydrolysis - ______
______
§ Ex. Digestion – when macromolecules are eaten, enzymes breakdown the polymers and released monomers are absorbed into the bloodstream.
The 4 types of Macromolecules
I. Carbohydrates
1. Composition: ______
2. Monomer unit: ______
3. Polymer unit: ______
4. Function: Main source of energy for organisms, structural purpose in cell membrane, and exoskeleton of insects.
5. Examples:
a. Sugars
1. Monosaccharide = ______
2. Dissacharides = ______
o A glycosidic linkage is a covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharide molecules by a dehydration reaction.
b. Starches: ______
1. In animals, starch is called glycogen, structural is called chitin
o Chitin is used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons
2. In plants, “plant starch”, structural is called cellulose
o Cellulose makes up the cell wall of plant cells.
o Humans cannot brake down cellulose during digestion.
§ Known as “insoluble” fiber.
II. Lipids
1. Composition: ______
2. Subunits: ______
______
3. Not soluble in water- non-polar
4. Function: energy storage, main part of cell membrane, hormones, cushions vital organs and insulates the body.
5. Examples: fats (3 fatty acid chains), phospholipids (2 fatty acid chains), oils, waxes, steroids (hormones) and cholesterol
6. Types of fatty acids:
a. Unsaturated fatty acids- ______
§ The double bond creates a kink in the tails that keep them from packing closely together.
§ Example: Olive oil
b. Saturated fatty acids- ______
§ Example: Shortening, butter
III. Proteins
1. Composition: ______
2. Function: ______
______
3. Each protein type has a specific 3D shape.
a. Made of monomers, amino acids, linked together to form a chain
§ 20 different types of amino acids
§ All have the same general structure
(Amino group, carboxyl group, different R group for each AA)
· 4 levels of structure:
a. Primary- ______
§ Changing the order of even 1 A.A. changes the shape and ability to function.
b. Secondary- ______
§ Repeatedly coiled or folded portions of the polypeptide chain as a result of hydrogen boding at regular intervals along the backbone.
c. Tertiary- ______
§ This creates regions (hydrophobic, hydrophilic, etc.) within the protein
d. Quaternary- ______
IV. Nucleic Acids
1. Composition: ______
2. Function: ______
3. Two types
a. ______(deoxyribonucleic acid)
b. ______(ribonucleic acid)
4. Made of monomers called nucleotides. A nucleotide has three parts:
a. ______(Deoxyribose or Ribose)
b. ______
c. ______(adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, or uracil)
Chemical Reactions
Chemical reaction: A change of one set of chemicals into another.
1. Can be slow or fast
2. Chemical reactions require collisions between molecules which makes them unstable
3. Involves changes in chemical bonds
AB + CD à AC + BD
a. Reactants - ______
b. Products - ______
c. Whenever a reaction occurs that rearranges the atoms of molecules, bonds in the reactants must be broken and new bonds in the products must be formed.
Chemical Reaction Example: CO2 in the body
1. Cells produce CO2 and then blood carries CO2 from cells to lungs (exhale)
Problem: CO2 is not soluble in water.
Solution: A chemical reaction converts CO2 to a soluble compound
§ In blood, CO2 is converted to soluble compound:
CO2 + H2O → ______
§ In the lungs, reaction is reverse to exhale CO2
H2CO3 → ______
Chemical reactions involve energy
1. Breaking and forming chemical bonds requires energy release and absorption.
2. Reactions that release energy can occur spontaneously (but not all do)
a. Energy is released as ______
3. Reactions that absorb energy will not occur without an energy source.
4. What is activation energy? ______
______
a. Some chemical reactions are really slow or require lots of energy and cannot occur on their own.
______/ ______Reaction ______/ ______Reaction
(Energy Inward) (Energy outward)
5. Endergonic reactions - ______
6. Exergonic reactions - ______
a. Can occur spontaneously
Enzymes As catalysts
1. Catalyst: ______
a. An enzyme is a protein that act as biological catalysts by speeding up reactions that take place in cells
b. Enzymes provide a site (______) where reactants can be
brought together to react. This decreases the activation energy and creates the “______” complex
c. Substrate- ______
§ The substrate must fit completely into the active site in order for the reaction to take place.
d. Enzymes can be reused, but can only have one type of substrate
§ If enough substrate is present, a single enzyme typically acts on 1,000 molecules per second.
e. The enzyme-substrate relationship is like that of a “lock and key”
f. Enzymes can have an inhibitor in which another molecule can turn the enzyme on or off.
1. Competitive Inhibitor – ______
2. Non-competitive inhibitors – ______
______
3. Allosteric Inhibitors - Enzymes naturally go from active to inactive.
1. ______
2. ______
g. Denature – When enzymes lose their shape and functionality. This can be caused by:
4. ______
5. ______
6. ______
7. ______