Nervous System-Guided Notes
Nervous System-Guided Notes
Central Nervous System contains: ______, and ______. It has 4 chambers in the brain known as ventricles.
Brain has 4 parts: 1) ______, 2) ______, 3) ______, 4) ______.
1) Cerebral Hemispheres:
Covered by ridges called ______. Ridges are separated by grooves called ______. The hemisphere (right and left) are separated by a ______. Other shallow fissures divide each hemisphere into lobes. Lobes are name for the ______over them. Ear to ear is the central ______(sulci). Posterior to the central fissure in the ______lobe is the ______.
Anterior to the central fissure in the ______lobe is the ______. It allows us to consciously move our ______. It has the major voluntary motor tract that descends to the spinal cord and ______.
Areas in Cerebrum-Impulses for the special senses:
______= posterior occipital; ______= temporal lobe (lateral fissure); olfactory= ______.
Broca’s area: ______.
Speech Area:______.
Higher Reasoning= ______. Complex memories=______. Gray matter of cerebral hemispheres contain the ______of neurons. White matter of cerebral hemispheres is composed of fiber tracts which carry impulses ______.
Corpus callosum-very large fiber tract that connects the cerebral hemispheres and allows the ______. Basal nuclei or basal ganglia are buried within the white matter and help ______.
2) Diencephalon: Interbrain contains
______-encloses the 3rd ventricle, relay for sensory impulses. ______is the floor of the diencephalon and is the ______center. Functions include regulating temperature, water balance, and metabolism. The ______in hypothalamus is a center for many drives, including: ______. The hypothalamus also regulates the ______gland which contains mammillary bodies.
______forms the roof of the 3rd ventricle and contains the pineal body (endocrine gland). The ______forms CSF (cerebral spinal fluid).
3) Brain Stem
Midbrain extends from the ______.
______connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle. ______contains four rounded of protrusions-reflex centers for vision and hearing. ______, just below midbrain, mostly fibers tracts, controls breathing. ______, most inferior part of brain stem, merges with spinal cord. Functions of overall brain stem: heart rate, blood pressure, ______and vomiting.
4) Cerebellum: Coordinates skeletal muscle activity, controls ______.
Protection of the Brain:
1) Skull
2) ______- 3 parts
______-outside, tough layer.
______- middle, contains blood vessels
______-surface of the brain layer.
3) ______-CSF continuously formed by choroid plexus and it ______.
Problems of the brain-concussion, contusion, hemorrhage, CVA, aphasia, paralysis ______.
Spinal Cord-17 inches from skull to L2. Reflex center and ______. Central canal contains ______.
Gray Matter of Spinal Cord:
______contains interneurons and sensory neurons; enter by ______. Ventral horns (anterior) contains ______, leave by the ventral root. The dorsal and ventral roots fuse to form the ______.
White Matter of Spinal Cord:
______, some run to other side of spinal cord, some run to higher centers. All tracts in the anterior and lateral cord are ______. All tracts in the posterior cord are ______.
Problems of the Spinal Cord:
Dorsal root damage- ______=parasthesis. Ventral root damage-______= paralysis.
Peripheral Nervous System:
Contains nerves-______. A nerve is a bundle of ______found outside the CNS. Nerves are neurons bundled in ______. Nerves are named like neurons. Carry to CNS=______. Carry from CNS= ______. Carrying both sensory and motor=______.
Cranial Nerves-12 pairs
1. ______7. ______
2. ______8. ______
3. ______9. ______
4. ______10. ______
5. ______11. ______
6. ______12. ______
Spinal Nerves-31 pairs
Formed from the fusion of the______. Divides into dorsal and ventral rami. Both types of rami contain both sensory and ______.
Dorsal rami are smaller and serve ______. Ventral rami of T1-12 form ______. All other ventral rami form plexuses which serve ______.
Two Divisions of the Peripheral Motor Nervous system: Somatic and Autonomic
Somatic nervous system: ______. Autonomic nervous system: involuntary, automatic. Motor control of cardiac and smooth muscle, and glands. Involves a chain of 2 motor neurons called ______.
Autonomic system has 2 arms: parasympathetic-______. Sympathetic-______. Both serve the same organ but release different ______. Parasympathetic-______fibers; sympathetic-______fibers.
Parasympathetic-Pre-ganglion and post-ganglion neurons secrete ______. Sympathetic-pre-ganglion neuron secretes ______. Post-ganglion neuron secretes ______.
Parasympathetic controls resting and digesting and maintaining homeostasis. Sympathetic increases ______. Dilation of ______. Shuts down ______system, and activates adrenal glands.
Developmental Problems
Nervous system develops in the ______of pregnancy. Viruses, drugs, alcohol and smoking can affect embryo. Birth defects include ______. Continued development
Last to form is the ______. Myelination continues through ______. Brain reaches maximum weight in the ______. New neural pathways can always ______.
Aging Problems
Sympathetic system becomes ______in the elderly. Arteriosclerosis and high blood pressure can cause ______. <5%senility at age ______. Boxers and chronic alcoholics show ______.
Reversible Senility-drug side effects, low blood pressure, depression, dehydration, and ______can cause types of senility that will improve if the initial problem is ______.