NAV Lesson Plan Information Sheet

Basics of NavigationVersion: 1.01

NAVlesson plan information sheet

Sponsor / Training Policy / Training Provider
AFS-400 / AFS-540 / AMA-240
Course # & Name: / 21000088, Oceanic and International Operations
Lesson Title & Tag: / Basics of Navigation (NAV)
Lesson Number: / 04
Version: / 1.01
Version Date: / 03/27/2013
Duration (includes breaks): / 50 minutes

Lesson Overview:

This lesson addresses the classes of navigation, the navigation effects of the 12-Mile Limit, the different types of navigation systems, and the limitations of those systems.

Visuals:

SL-01-NAV to SL-16-NAV

Handouts & Practice Exercises:

Training Aids:

Markers, eraser, laser pointer, white board/flip board

Other Pertinent Information:

Website for eCFRs: Navigate to Title 14 Part 91.
FAA AC90-100A GPS RAIM Prediction website:

Computer File Names:

Lesson Plan: / LP04-NAV.doc
PowerPoint Presentation: / SL04-NAV.ppt
Participant Notes: / PN04-NAV.doc
Handouts & Exercises:
Other Files:

Instructor References (as revised):

Regulations

14 CFR Part91.1 Applicability

Orders

FAA Order 8900.1, Volume 4, Chapter 1

/ ACs
Other Documents

AIM Chapter 1 (Air Navigation)
OpSpec A002 – Definitions and Abbreviations

21000088 –Oceanic and International OperationsLesson Plan

Page 1 of 21

FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Basics of NavigationVersion: 1.01

Document Revision History

To be added by AMA-200 staff only. Delete this highlighted text and retain the title above.

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21000088 –Oceanic and International OperationsLesson Plan

Page 1 of 21

FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Basics of NavigationVersion: 1.01

PROMPTS / CONTENT / NOTES

I.Introduction

SL-1-NAV /

A.Review

The previous lesson addressed FAA regulation, Orders, and Guidance Materials, including communication and navigation requirements for different types of operations. In this lesson, we’ll address the classes of navigation, the navigation effects of the 12-Mile Limit, the different types of navigation systems, and the limitations of those systems.

B.Motivation

To be able to correctly and consistently issue Operations Specifications (OpSpecs), Management Specifications (MSpecs), and Letters of Authorization (LOAs) to operators and individuals desiring to operate in Special Areas of Operation by thoroughly understanding the Basics of Navigation through consultation with your Regional NextGen SAO Specialist. / 3/27/2013

C.Objectives

SL-2-NAV /
Participants will be able to:
 /

Define the classes of navigation as provided in the FAA guidance
Explain how the 12-Mile Limit affects the basics of navigation
Identify the different types of navigation systems
Identify the limitations of the different navigation systems

/ Ask: What is the 12-Mile Limit?
Explain that we’ll be going into this in more detail later.

D.Overview

SL-3-NAV / [co1]
In this lesson we will discuss the following topics:
 /

Classes of navigation
12-Mile Limit and national borders
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)
Inertial systems
Multisensory system
GNSS limitations
Inertial systems limitations
Multisensory limitations

/ Ask: What is GNSS?
Answer: General term for GPS navigation system.
What is a multisensory system?
Answer: An FMC with one or more navigation inputs to include but not limited to, VOR, DME/DME, IRS and GPS..

II.Body

SL-4-NAV / [co2]
 / Question:A part 135 operator requests initial authorization to fly in the WATRS area directly from Atlanta (ATL) to Bermuda (BDA).
Does this require a Class II approval?
Answer: Yes. This type of operation is outside the operational service volume (OSV) of Class I NAVAIDs and requires LRN equipment and authorization.
Let’s take a look at the two classes of navigation.

A.Classes of Navigation

SL-5-NAV
 / / 3/27/2013
Even though the concept remains the same, Class I/II terms may evolve into other terms. Currently, ICAO does not use these terms – Class I and Class II.

1.Class I

 / The factors for a Class I Operational Service Volume (OSV) NAVAID include distance from the transmitter, transmitter power, and altitude or flight level.
For example, the OSV for Very High Frequency Omni-directional Range (VOR) is typically 130 Nautical Miles (NM) and for an Non-directional Beacon (NDB) is typically 75NM. Reception of these NAVAIDs will vary depending on altitude or flight level. / 3/27/2013
FAA Order 8900.1, Volume 4, Chapter 1, Part 4 (for Class I and II).
OpSpec A002. Definitions and Abbreviations.
AIM Chapter 1 (Air Navigation), Section 1 (Navigation Aids).

2.Class II

We’ve often seen cases where operators were approved to conduct operations to Bermuda without a Class II authorization if the Class II portion of the flight was less than 1 hour. This type of authorization is contrary to the Federal Aviation Regulations and FAA guidance (FAA Order 8900.1).
 / In addition, there have been cases where an operator has been issued authorization to conduct a Class II operation of short duration using Dead Reckoning (DR) procedures.DR procedures are only allowed as a contingency. / DR does not meet ATC navigation standards.
Reduced separation standards and increased CNS requirements will not tolerateDR procedures as anaccurate means of navigation.
Examples of where DR procedures have been approved for Class II operations include the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean and the WATRS area.This is contrary to FAA guidance and ICAO standards.
Another area of oceanic and international operations is the 12-Mile Limit and national borders.

B.12-Mile Limit and National Borders

SL-6-NAV /
Here are some things to remember about the 12-Mile Limit:

14 CFRPart91.1 discusses the rules for specific aircraftoperating beyond the 12-Mile Limit

/ 3/27/2013

U.S. territorial waters extend from the shoreline to 12NM off the coast

 /

ICAO oceanic standards apply outside the
12-Mile Limit
Each ICAO State determines their own sovereign airspace and extent of their territorial waters

/ 3/27/2013
14 CFR part 91.1 Applicability.
 / Question: Do all countries use the 12-Mile Limit?
Answer: No. Each country has its own sovereign airspace that may not be 12 NM.
SL-7-NAV / / 3/28/2013
Extended Over Water
Part 1 Definition - Operations at a horizontal distance greater than 50 NM from the nearest shoreline
14 CFR Part 91.509 – Survival Equipment for flight overwater greater than 30 minutes flying time or 100 NM from the nearest shore
Limited over-water Exemption – 162 NM from the nearest shore (Requires OpsSpecs) / Click the link 162 NM from the nearest shore to view A013
The next few topics of discussion deal with the different types of navigation systems and their respective limitations in oceanic and international operations.

C.Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

SL-8-NAV / / Satellites are powered by solar panels.
2-D, 3-D or 4-D: indicates level of accuracy.
GNSS equipment is subject to natural and man-made limitations.
For example, there are commercially sold GPS jammers. In addition, there may be specific geographic areas that are termed “RAIM holes.” These are areas where there is limited or no GPS reception. Keep in mind that RAIM holes are not stationary.

 / Operators should consult relevant GPS NOTAMS and websites to note any GPS anomalies prior to departure. / Review RAIM prediction website
The RAIM prediction website is only used in the 48 contiguous states.
 / Question: How many satellites are required to have RAIM capability?
Answer:Five (5).
Question: How many are required for FDE?
Answer:Six(6). / 3/27/2013
GPS Black Holes
A third party vendor running RAIM predictions for the operator should validate it for the aircraft software. The operator is responsible for ensuring RAIM predictions produced by a vendor are the same algorithm as in the FMS.
SL-9-NAV
 / / U.S. GPS constellation: 24 satellites.
Provide update on GPS constellations other than the one maintained by the US
Since the GNSS are evolving, it is important to consult with a Regional NextGen SAOSpecialist about the statusof the GNSS constellations. / 3/27/2013
It has been discussed at some FAA and ICAO meetings that the use of GPS effectively means the operator is always within the OSV and therefore can conduct Class I navigation worldwide. This is a controversial issue that has not been resolved.

D.Inertial Systems

SL-10-NAV /
Inertial platforms are either gimbaled gyros or ring laser. The gimbaled gyros are mechanically stabilized sensors that measure motion by using accelerometers. Ring laser systems measure reflective light within a chamber to sense motion.
The inertial platform is a running Dead Reckoning (DR) device and not a position-fixing navigation system.
All unaided inertial platforms have a specified time limit at any given RNP level. The time between position updates must be reviewed when an operator requests an RNP approval.
For example, the Baseline for RNP-10 is 6.2 hours and some inertial units have been certified to 10 to 12 hours before updates are required.
An RNP-10 time limit of 3 hours will not get an operator to Hawaii.
Keep in mind, the time limit may or may not meet the requirements of the SAO (e.g., Polar operations).
The three types of inertial navigation systems are:

Inertial Navigation System (INS): A basic inertial capability that continuously calculates the position, orientation, and velocity of a moving object without the need for external references
Inertial Reference System (IRS): Provides the inertial navigation data and the inertial flight control data to other systems
Inertial Reference Unit (IRU): Uses only ring laser gyroscopes to determine a moving aircraft’s or spacecraft’s change in angular direction over a period of time

E.Multisensory System

SL-11-NAV / [co3]
A multisensory system requires a Flight Management System (FMS) or a Flight Management Computer (FMC), which functions as a processor and display unit.
FMC/FMS is not, by itself, a navigation system.
For example, if there are 2 GNSS and 2 inertial sensors present and all are going through a single FMS or FMC, the operator may only have single LRNS capability.
 / Dual independent LRNS is the requirement for unrestricted oceanic operations.
ASIs should be aware that when evaluating the number of FMSs/FMCs onboard there is a requirement to have dual LRNSs when conducting remote oceanic operations.

F.Limitations Of Navigation StstemsSystems

SL-12-NAV /

1.GNSS Limitations

It’s important for the operator to have a Predictive Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) Program when GNSS is the sole means of navigation.
 / For example, this tool may reveal an anomaly such as a RAIM hole. In addition, there is a requirement for Fault Detection and Exclusion (FDE) capability for operators conducting remote oceanic operations without inertial capability. / RAIM hole - Unexplained areas when signal degradation occurs.

2.Inertial Systems Limitations

SL-13-NAV /
 / One limitation unique to inertial systems is platform alignment at a high-latitude airport. For example, an aircraft at Yellowknife airport in Canada may exceed the normal alignment time based on the aircraft’s position.
Magnetic field issues contribute to extended alignment periods at high-latitude airports. / Other examples of high-latitude airports – Longyearbyen, Norway or Thule, Greenland.
 / Environmental effects on alignment:

Cold weather
High winds
Aircraft loading and unloading cargo

/ Inertial systems take about 10 to 15 minutes (up to 30 minutes in older systems) on most airports.

3.Multisensory System Limitations

SL-14-NAV / [co4]
Certain functions of the FMS/FMC may be inoperative and deferred in accordance with the approved MEL. Inspectors should scrutinize the operator’s MEL, navigation equipment Air Transport Association (ATA) Chapter 34, to ensure routing restrictions for inoperative navigation equipment comply with the SAO requirements.

III.Summary

A.Review

SL-15-NAV / [co5]
Let’s review the major topics we covered in this lesson.

Classes of navigation
12-Mile Limit and national borders
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)
Inertial systems
Multisensory system
GNSS limitations
Inertial systems limitations
Multisensory limitations

B.Objectives

SL-16-NAV /
You should now be able to:

Review the types of navigation as provided in the FAA guidance (Class I and Class II)
Review how the 12-Mile Limit affects the basics of navigation
Review the different types of navigation systems
Review the limitations of the different navigation systems

C.Preview

The next lesson will focus on the ICAO Planning and Implementation Regional Groups from around the world in which the FAA participates.