• Nationalists: people who believe that people of a single “nationality” should unite under a single governmentGoal of Nationalists? Create a NATION-STATEBonds that create a nation-state? Nationality, Language, Culture, Religion, History, and TerritoryReview
  • 2. Accomplished by 1870 with the French leaving RomeSignificant Figures: MazziniCavourGaribaldiVictor Emmanuel IIHow is unification of Italy accomplished? Italian Unification
  • 3. The Rise of Prussia24-3German Nationalism
  • 4. In the late 1800s, Otto von Bismarck transformed Germany from a loose confederation of separate states into a powerful empire.THINK ABOUT:How Italian unification differs from German unificationHow is Germany unified? What tactics does Bismarck use?MAIN IDEA
  • 7. Formed in 1815 at the Congress of Vienna, replacing the Holy Roman EmpireLoose confederation/political association of 39 statesTwo largest states dominating the confederationPrussiaAustro-Hungarian Empire / Austrian EmpireGerman Confederation
  • 8. Austrian Empire Multinational EmpireMajor power in Europe Dealing with issues in Italy (Venetia & Lombardy)Wars with France, Italy, and PrussiaPrimarily German populationPowerful armyAuthoritarian government – strong kingIndustrialized quicklyAustria / Prussia RivalryPrussia
  • 9. Liberal rioters in BerlinResult in the Frankfurt ParliamentDesire for a unified Germany growsAustria opposes centralized government in GermanyPrussian king offered crown of a unified German EmpireDemocratic reforms do not extend to Prussia, howeverGerman Revolution of 1848
  • 10. German language1834: Zollverein createdCustoms union that removed tariffs on products traded between German states (economic unity)By 1854, majority of German involved Cultural unityBasis for German nationalism?
  • 11. If there is going to be one Germany, which major power should lead the fight for unification? PrussiaIf Prussia is the leading force in German unification, what is its Italian counterpart?Piedmont-Sardinia
  • 12. Revolution of 1848Liberal revolutionDesire for German unification growsPromise of Reforms in PrussiaPromise of liberal reformsCreation of the ZollvereinEconomic alliance between German statesSetting the Stage for German Unification
  • 13. King Wilhelm IPrussian GovernmentPrime Minister Otto von Bismarck
  • 14. Otto von Bismarck(1815-1898)Prime minister of Prussia 1862-1890Became chancellor of Northern German Confederation in 1867“The Iron Chancellor”“ The less people know about how laws and sausages are made, the better they’ll sleep at night”
  • 15. Not liberal like revolutionaries; conservative, supported king of PrussiaBelieved Prussia destined to lead German people to unificationPracticed realpolitik“Politics of reality”Tough power politics, no room for idealismUsing “blood and iron” to gain German unificationBuilds up Prussian armyBismarck’s Philosophy
  • 16. Bismarck becomes Prime Minister and begins administering a policy based on realpolitikDanish War (1864)Austro-Prussian War (1866)Creation of Northern German Confederation (1867)EMS Dispatch, catalyst for war (1870)Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) Treaty of Frankfurt Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm ISteps to German Unification
  • 17. King Wilhelm I unable to pass reforms expanding military through a liberal parliamentJunkers (Prussia’s landowning class) support the kingStrongly conservative and opposed liberal classBismarck declares that he will rule without consent of Parliament – violating constitutionFirst actions as Prime Minister
  • 18. “Germany does not look to Prussia’s liberalism but to her power…Not by speeches and majorities will the great questions of the day be decided – that was the mistake of 1848-1849 – but by iron and blood”~Otto von Bismarck
  • 19. Danish War (1864)Holstein population is German, Schleswig mixture of Germans and DanesDenmark constitution in 1863 annexes Schleswig for DenmarkPrussia and Austria protest new constitution, demand it be revokedWar starts:Prussia and Austria vs. Denmark
  • 20. Brief fight – Three monthsDenmark gives up Schleswig & HolsteinDisagreements over how to split up landUltimately, Prussia gets Schlewsig and Austria gets HolsteinIncreases national pride amongst PrussiansSupport for Prussia as head of new Germany increasesSets the stage for conflict between Prussia and AustriaResults of Danish War
  • 21. Bismarck prepares for conflict with AustriaPersuades Napoleon III to remain neutralForms alliance with Italy (Cavour in Piedmont)Provokes Austria into declaring war on Prussia in 1866; war centered on territorial issues with Schleswig and Holstein Bismarck’s Backroom Dealings
  • 22. Also known as Seven Weeks WarPrussian advantagesRailroads (better transportation system)Telegraphs (better communication)Modern weaponry (better army)Austro-Prussian War, 1866
  • 24. Prussians win!Balance of European power shifts dramaticallyTreaty of Prague (peace treaty at end of war)German Confederation dissolvedAustria surrenders HolsteinItaly gains VenetiaResults of the Austro-Prussian War
  • 25. Creation of Northern German Confederation (1867)After Austro-Prussian WarNorthern German states unite with Prussia to form North German ConfederationEach state has self-governmentKing of Prussia is president of ConfederationEliminates the German Confederation, led in part by Austria
  • 26. King William responds to telegram from FrenchBismarck alters William’s response to make it sound like an insultTelegram is published  angers the French!France declares war on Prussia in June 1870EMS Telegram
  • 27. All German states joined in war against FranceNo outside nation came to help FranceShort, but decisive war – German victoryResults of war:French Empire collapsesFrance loses Alsace-LorraineFrance pays Germany 5,000,000,000 francsGerman army occupies much of FranceFranco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
  • 28. German EmpireWilliam I proclaimed Emperor of Germans at Versailles on January 18, 1871Berlin becomes empire’s capitalConstitution that unites 25 German states in federal form of governmentLocal government in each stateEmperor (or kaiser) headed government with a lot of power
  • 30. 1815 – balance of power established with Five Great PowersChanges by 1871Britain and Germany were most powerful Austria, Russia, and Italy were far behind; France in the middleCreation of two new states – Italy and GermanyBalance of Power Shifts