AND TRANING / MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE
AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ANIMAL SCIENCES
CAO BA CUONG
SELECTIVE RESEARCH TO STABILIZE THREE LINES OF COLOURED CHICKEN
TP4, TP2, TP3
Major: Animal science
Code number: 62 62 01 05
SUMMARY OF PHD THESIS
FOR DOCTOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE
HANOI - 2017
The thesis was completed at:
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ANIMAL SCIENCES
Scientific supervisors:
- Ph.D.Phung Duc Tien
- Assoc. Prof. Ph.D. Nguyen Huy Dat
Opponent 1: ......
Opponent 2: ......
Opponent 3: ......
The thesis will be defended at the Thesis Examination Committee (Institute Level) in the National Institute of Animal Sciences.
At[Time][Date][Month][Year]
Thesis can be found at:
- National Library
- Library, National Institute of Animal Sciences
1. Background of study
At present, coloured-feather chicken breeds are being developed in many countries all over the world. Coloured-feather chicken with delicious meat, eggs, high resistance, low disease, can use the by-products of agriculture to grazing should have high economic efficiency, the product price is often double than chicken industry.
In Vietnam, the native coloured chicken breedssuch as Ri, Mia, Dong Tao, Ho ... have high quality meat, eggs, but low productivity and not selected high proportion. Therefore, our country has to spend a lot of foreign currency to import chicken breed but only enter the commercial offspring, parents or grand parents of one sex in the recent years. Combined with the main raising method in natural ventilation conditions, food is not controlled regularly so the yield is only 80 - 85% compared to the original varieties. At the same time, practical production always require chicken breeds with the advantages of feather colors, productivity and high quality products suitable for concentrating and grazing.
Based on the above reality, from 2006 to 2010, Thuy Phuong Poultry Research Center has selected to successfully create 8 chicken plumage lines with high productivity, high quality chicken. In which, there are 3 lines of TP4, TP2 and TP3 with growth and reproductive traits equivalent to those of high quality broilers imported from Vietnam (Phung Duc Tien, 2010).
Although, the process of selecting the three chicken strains have been relatively stable in terms of appearance, traits achieved requirements set out. However, some productivity indicators are still not very stable, high coefficient of variation, genetic coefficients in body weight and egg production fluctuate. Result from this issue, we have conducted the research "Selective research to stabilize three lines of coloured-featherchicken TP4, TP2, TP3".
2. Objects of the study
- Selective stability of appearance, productivity of three lines of coloured chicken TP4, TP2, TP3at generation 4, 5, 6. In which:
+ The TP4 male chicken line: Dark brown feathers, the body weight at 56 days of age: 2.0 - 2.1kg (rooster); 1.5 - 1.6kg (hen).
+ The TP2 female chicken line: Yellowish-gray feathers with neck. It’s egg production is about 176 - 178 eggs/hen/68 weeks.
+ The TP3 female chicken line: Brownwish-gray feathers with neck. It’s egg production is about 182 - 183 eggs/ hen/68 weeks.
- From 3 chicken lines will produce commercial products with yellowish-gray feathers, body weight at 63 days of age reached 2.4 to 2.5kg; Feed consumption/kg increased by 2.4-2.5kg.
3. Scientific and practical significance of the study
3.1. Scientific meanings
- Selective stability of phenotype, productivity of three lines of coloured chicken TP4, TP2, TP3; Evaluation of production ability of hybrid chickens TP23, TP32, TP43, TP42, TP423, TP432.
- The research results of the study are valuable scientific materials for research and teaching.
3.2. The practical meaning of the study
From the research results of the study, the appearance of 3 strains of TP4, TP2 and TP3 chickens has been stabilized to produce commercial hybrid chickens with high productivity for production and bring high economic efficiency for ranchers.
4. New contributions of the thesis
- Stable selecting about appearance characteristics, productivity 3 lines of cloured chicken for meat TP4, TP2, TP3. Research contributes to the creation of high productivity, high quality coloured chicken for the livestock industry.
- Evaluation of TP23 and TP32 parent chickens and production of two-line, three-line commercial hybrid chickens with high productivity and quality.
5. Content of the thesis
The thesis included: introduction 3 pages; Chapter 1. Literature review: 42 pages; Chapter 2. Subject, content and research method: 12 pages; Chapter 3. Results and discussion: 72 pages; Conclusions and recommendations: 2 pages; Number of tables is 36, Graph is 18; 198 references (Vietnamese: 59, English: 139); 8 appendices.
CHAPTER 1
LITERATURE REVIEW
1.1. Characteristiscs of quantitative traits
Most of the traits of poultry productivity, such as body weight, meat production capacity, egg production capacity, are quantitative traits. Quantitative traits can be determined by measuring instruments, which are important economic indicators that should be used to evaluate breed quality. Quantitative traits are based on multiple regulated genes so it have low genetic coefficients, which are highly influenced by external influences, so they have large fluctuations.
1.2. Scientific basis on the growth of poultry
Biologically, growth is considered to be a process of protein biosynthesis, so it is often used to increase weight as an indicator of growth. In order to evaluate the growth characteristics, people often use body mass indexes, absolute growth rate and relative growth rate, and rate of feather growth.
1.3. Scientific basis on the reproductive capacity of poultry
Poultry reproduction is expressed through quantitative traits such as calving age, egg yield, reproductive rate, percentage of embryos and feed consumption/10 eggs.
1.4. Feed consumption per unit of product
Feed consumption per unit of production is an important economic indicator in poultry production, as food costs account for 70-75% of the cost of animal products so reducing the cost of food is often a top priority for geneticists in breeding. For broilers the efficiency of feed use is calculated as the feed consumption per 10 eggs, while for commercial broilers the effective use of feed is calculated as the feed consumption/kg weigh increasing.
1.5. The scientific basis of poultry breeding selection
The purpose of applied poultry breeding is to improve production qualities of the domestic chicken. Although altering and improving the environment, or physiological situation or manipulation of the animals contribute immensely towards improvement of their production qualities, the possibility remains that variation nevertheless still exists after optimum non-hereditary conditions have been established. This is because some of the variations in the economic traits are genetic in character and improvement brought about by heredity tends to be permanent.
The ultimate goal of a breeding programme is genetic improvement of traits defined in the breeding objective for the animal population. The poultry breeder does this by ranking his animals, culling those with the poorest evaluation while selecting the best evaluations as replacements. With successful selection, the progeny generation will on the average be better than the average of the population from which the parents were chosen, resulting in a genetic progress being obtained. The principle of selection, thus, is an integral concept in animal breeding - it is the basis of genetic improvement programme.
1.6. The scientific basis of breeding work and heterosis
In breeding work of poultry, economic hybridization is the most common method. Hybrid economics is a hybrid between two, three and four different lines, strains or species to produce commercial hybrids, not used for breeding, so it is possible to use hybrid economic methods for mass production and just a short time for many products with high quality.
1.7. Research at home and abroad
In recent years, poultry farming has grown steadily and firmly. The achievement results from many factors in which the important factor contributing to the decisive decision is the technological advances in genetic engineering of the selected varieties. Selection and cross breeding are measures widely used by breeders in the world and in Vietnam.
CHAPTER 2
SUBJECTS, CONTENT AND RESEARCH METHODS
2.1. Subject , time and location of the study
2.1.1. Subject of the study
- Three coloured chicken lines for meat TP4, TP2 and TP3 were selected from the research project level scientists of the Thuy Phuong Poultry Research Center by Dr. Phung Duc Tien presided from 2006 to 2010.
- Hybrid breed parent chicken: TP23, TP32
- Commercial hybrid chicken 2 lines: TP43, TP42
- Commercial hybrid chicken 3 lines: TP423, TP432
2.1.2. Location and time of the study
Thuy Phuong Poultry Research Center from Nov 2011 to Jun 2016.
2.2. The content of the study
2.2.1. Appearance characteristicsof three chicken lines TP4, TP2, TP3 and chicken parents
2.2.2. Stable selecting about productivity of 3 chicken lines TP4, TP2, TP3
- The TP4 chicken line have tend to stable weight at 8 weeks of age.
- The TP2 and TP3chicken lines have tend to stable eggs yield at 38 weeks of age.
2.2.3. Production ability of parent chickens
2.2.4. The production ability of commercial hybrid chicken 2 lines, 3 lines
2.3. Method of the study
2.3.1. Method of caring and nurturing
The process of caring, nurturing and veterinary hygiene is applied according to the process of raising color feathers of Thuy Phuong Poultry Research Center. Use of compound feed by Guyomarc'h - VCN feed company.
The chickens were housed in cages with husks, naturally ventilated, in addition to the remaining experimental elements other factors ensure uniformity between the blocks.
2.3.2. Selection method
2.3.2.1. Individual selection method
For the TP4male line: The selection criteria is the body mass at 56 days of age. Carrying out individual weighings, selecting individuals with high volumes from low to high. The selection rate for roosters is 10-14%, for hens is -+. Criteria for the condition is that appearance must be specific and free from defects. Stability criteria are egg yields up to 38 weeks of age, selective within -+.
For the TP2 and TP3 female lines: body weight selection at the age of 56 days, rooster and hen were selected within ± . A selection criterion was egg productivity up to 38 weeks of age, selecting individuals the egg productivity of which was from high to low but not below average. Egg weight was the second selection criteria and selecting egg with over mean weight for all lines.A necessary condition criterion is typical physical appearance and no disability.
Twenty families were building for one line every generation at the age of 20 weeks to calculate heritability to evaluate genetic stability.
2.3.3. Method of experimental layout
2.3.3.1. Experimental monitoring of the reproductive ability of chicken parents TP23, TP32
The TP23, TP32 chicken parent production ability, crossbreeding, egg production and consuming food/ 10 eggs were compared with TP2, TP3. The chickens experimented by subdivision method compares the model of a factor of one factor. There is a uniform distribution of age, origin, feeding regimen, preventive veterinary procedures; The only difference in experimental elements (varieties). The experiment was repeated 3 times.
The layout of the experiment:
Group 1♂TP3×♀TP2 / Group 2
♂TP2×♀TP3 / Group 3
♂TP3×♀TP3 / Group 4
♂TP2×♀TP2
Rooster / 12 / 12 / 12 / 12
Hen / 100 / 100 / 100 / 100
Total / 112 / 112 / 112 / 112
Repeat (times) / 3 / 3 / 3 / 3
Total / 336 / 336 / 336 / 336
2.3.3.1. Experimental monitoring of the growth ability of the commercial chicken TP43, TP42, TP423, TP432
Commercial chicken meat is produced by industrial method with the form of raising on the cushioned background, ensuring natural ventilation.
The chickens are cared for and nurtured according to the guidelines of the National Institute of Animal Sciences.
Choose healthy chicken with the average weight of the breed to meet the standards of grade I chickens. The chickens are arranged experimentally by the method of subdivision comparison, ensuring the same age, veterinary and time trial layout. The experiment was repeated 3 times.
The layout of the experiment of the commercial chicken 2-lines:
Group 1♂TP4×♀TP3 / Group 2
♂TP4×♀TP2 / Group 3
♂TP4×♀TP4 / Group 4
♂TP3×♀TP3 / Group 5
♂TP2×♀TP2
Total / 100 / 100 / 100 / 100 / 100
Repeat (times) / 3 / 3 / 3 / 3 / 3
Total / 300 / 300 / 300 / 300 / 300
The layout of the experiment of the commercial chicken 3-lines:
Group 1♂TP4×♀TP32 / Group 2
♂TP4×♀TP23 / Group 3
♂TP4×♀TP4 / Group 4
♂TP32×♀TP32 / Group 5
♂TP23×♀TP23
Total / 100 / 100 / 100 / 100 / 100
Repeat (times) / 3 / 3 / 3 / 3 / 3
Total / 300 / 300 / 300 / 300 / 300
2.3.4. Monitor criterias
Characteristics of appearance, survival rate, growth rate, fertility ability, feed consumption, genetic parameters, heterosis.
2.3.5. Data processing method
Using the analysis of variance (Anova) to evaluate the difference of body mass index, egg production through generations. Software used in statistical analysis is Minitab 12.
Basic statistical parameters, genetic parameters and heritability processed by Microsoft Excel 2010 software.
CHAPTER 3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Stable selecting about productivity of 3 chicken lines TP4, TP2, TP3
3.1.1. The TP4 chicken male line
3.1.1.1. Characteristics of appearance
Through the 6th generation selective, the chicken TP4 have stable appearance characteristics: At 1 day of age chicken has yello-wish feathers color homogeneous chicken; At maturity: hens have brown feathers color homogeneous; rooster have dark brown feathers color.
3.1.1.2. Survival rate, feed consumption level at selecting time
Survival rateof TP4 selected through generations 4, 5 and 6 showed that they were relatively high at the stages of chicks (1-8) from 96.64 to 96.67% Detection and post-culling (9-23week) ranges from 96 to 96.94%. This proves that through 6 generations, the TP4 strain has adapted well to the climate and livestock of Vietnam.
TP4 chicken male line were fed 0 to 8 weeks old chicks fed free to evaluate their growth ability, which facilitated mass selection at 8 weeks of age, resulting in high feed consumption level/ chicken: 4048.31 - 4347.56g, 9 to 23 weeks of restricted feeding to control weight: rooster 11312g , hen 10899g.
3.1.1.3. Selected results in body weight strait
The results of table 3.2 also show that the body weight of the roosters and hens of the herd is always higher than the population of the generations (P <0.05). In that, TP4 body weight increased through selective generations: roosters from 1948.85g / 4th generation to 2063.00g/ 6th generation (P <0,05); hens from 1571.66 g/ head to 1605.51 g/ head (P> 0.05). In the herd selection, the weight of roosters and hens did not differ between generations 4 and 6 (P> 0.05).
Table 3.2. Selected results in chickens TP4 body weight at 8 weeks of age
Index / Rooster / HenG4 / G5 / G6 / G4 / G5 / G6
Chicken population / Quantity (chicken) / 952 / 944 / 948 / 991 / 982 / 986
Body weight (g) / 1948,85a / 2020,00 / 2063,25b / 1571,66c / 1591,50 / 1605,51c
Cv (%) / 13,92 / 12,22 / 11,51 / 12,76 / 12,01 / 11,10
Population
selected / Quantity (chicken) / 100 / 120 / 120 / 505 / 545 / 589
Body weight (g) / 2403,92a / 2408,00 / 2386,00a / 1726,67a / 1733,05 / 1719,69a
Cv (%) / 4,53 / 4,58 / 1,99 / 6,56 / 7,02 / 5,18
Selection pressure (%) / 10,50 / 12,72 / 12,66 / 50,96 / 55,69 / 59,74
Differential selection (g) / 455,07 / 388,00 / 322,75 / 155,01 / 141,55 / 114,19
Selective intensity / 1,68 / 1,62 / 1,36 / 0,77 / 0,68 / 0,64
h2S+D / 0,35 / 0,35 / 0,36 / 0,36
abcMeans in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (P<0.05)
Selection differential of body weight trait at 8 weeks of age diminished through selective generations: reaching the highest in the 4th generation and the lowest in the 6th generation.
The coefficient of variation (Cv) decreases through selective generations in both the rooster and the hen. Heritability of 8 week old body weight traits of TP4 in 5th and 6th generations were the same in roosters and hens (h2 = 0.35, h2 = 0.36). Compared to the 3rd generation, the heritability of the male body weight at 8 weeks of age was unchanged while the coefficient was decreased but not significantly in the hen.
According to a study by Prado-Gonzlez and cs (2003), Larivière and cs (2009), Tran Long and cs (2003),heritability of body weight index at 8 weeks of age for TP4 was mean and equivalent to that of Doan Xuan Truc and cs (2004) and in accordance with Adeleke and cs (2011) and Rotimi and cs. (2016).From the above results show that through 3 generations of stable selection, the body weight of TP4 has been more and more uniform.
3.1.1.4. Selection results of egg productivity at 38 weeks of age in TP4 chicken
TP4 is male line thus its egg productivity at the age of 38 weeks is stabilizing selection norm. The result showed that mean egg productivity during 3 generations of selection brood remained stable from 62.22 to 62.70 eggs, at the selection rate which fluctuates between 74.04 to 75.51%.
3.1.1.5. Sexual maturity of chickens TP4is shown in the table
Sexual maturity of chickens is shown in the table 3.4.
Table 3.4. Age, body weight, egg weight of TP4
Index / Unit / Generation 4 / Generation 5 / Generation 6(g) / Cv (%) / (g) / Cv (%) / (g) / Cv (%)
Spawning age
Birth rate reaches 5% / day / 185 / 180 / 175
Birth rate reaches 50% / day / 198 / 195 / 191
Body weight (n=30 chicken)
Birth rate reaches 5 % / g / 2781,00a / 8,13 / 2698,33 / 9,44 / 2712,3a / 9,58
Birth rate reaches 50% / g / 2968,67a / 9,52 / 2901,67 / 8,66 / 2887,6a / 9,02
Egg weight (n=100 eggs)
Birth rate reaches 5 % / g / 51,03a / 8,05 / 51,45a / 8,54 / 51,55a / 10,03
Birth rate reaches 50% / g / 55,93a / 6,56 / 56,03a / 7,11 / 56,44a / 9,16
aMeans in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (P<0.05)
The results from table 3.3 show that the age at birth rate 5% of TP4 in 4th generation is 185 days, in 5th generation is 180 days of age, in 6th generation is 175 days. The fertility rate was 50%, the fourth, fifth and sixth births were 198, 195 and 191 days respectively. Thus, over the 3 generations, the litter selection rate at 5% and 50% was reduced: 10 days (5%) and 7 days (50%).
It is also shown from Table 3.3 that the weight of chickens at 5% and 50% of weight rates was not different (P> 0.05), ranging from 2698.33 to 2781.00g and 2887.67 – 2968.67g. Similarly, egg weight at calving rate of 5% and 50% was not different for 3 selective generations (P> 0.05) and ranged between 51.03 - 51.55 g (5% calving rate) , 55.93 - 56.44 g (calving rate of 50%).
3.1.1.6. Fertility and hatching results through generations of TP4
Egg yeild/hen/68 weeks of TP4 were stable across three selective generations (166.34 - 166.87 eggs).
The average calving rate across three generations of TP4 is quite stable, corresponding to generation 4, 5, 6 is 52.44%; 52.30%; 52.40%.
Table 3.5. Calving rate and egg yeild through generations of TP4
Week of age / Generation 4(n=442 hens) / Generation 5
(n=478 hens) / Generation 6
(n=515 hens)
Birth rate (%) / Egg production (egg) / Birth rate (%) / Egg production (egg) / Birth rate (%) / Egg production (egg)
25-26 / 25,57 / 3,58 / 35,74 / 5,00 / 39,42 / 5,52
27-28 / 57,15 / 8,00 / 58,86 / 8,24 / 64,18 / 8,98
29-30 / 73,11 / 10,23 / 75,30 / 10,54 / 74,94 / 10,49
31-32 / 74,85 / 10,48 / 74,27 / 10,40 / 73,96 / 10,35
33-34 / 73,47 / 10,29 / 73,47 / 10,29 / 72,01 / 10,08
35-36 / 71,64 / 10,03 / 70,20 / 9,83 / 70,01 / 9,80
37-38 / 69,45 / 9,72 / 68,78 / 9,63 / 67,56 / 9,46
39-40 / 65,62 / 9,19 / 64,69 / 9,06 / 64,80 / 9,07
41-42 / 62,33 / 8,73 / 61,16 / 8,56 / 61,02 / 8,54
43-44 / 62,41 / 8,74 / 61,48 / 8,61 / 61,20 / 8,57
45-46 / 59,88 / 8,38 / 59,58 / 8,34 / 59,36 / 8,31
47-48 / 58,49 / 8,19 / 57,46 / 8,04 / 56,94 / 7,97
49-50 / 54,63 / 7,65 / 53,45 / 7,48 / 53,29 / 7,46
51-52 / 53,40 / 7,48 / 52,76 / 7,39 / 52,46 / 7,34
53-54 / 50,84 / 7,12 / 49,27 / 6,90 / 49,04 / 6,87
55-56 / 48,47 / 6,79 / 47,73 / 6,68 / 47,64 / 6,67
57-58 / 46,75 / 6,54 / 46,11 / 6,46 / 46,24 / 6,47
59-60 / 45,78 / 6,41 / 44,44 / 6,22 / 43,91 / 6,15
61-62 / 41,64 / 5,83 / 40,91 / 5,73 / 40,64 / 5,69
63-64 / 40,11 / 5,62 / 38,34 / 5,37 / 37,50 / 5,25
65-66 / 35,60 / 4,98 / 35,10 / 4,91 / 34,98 / 4,90
67-68 / 35,00 / 2,45 / 33,88 / 2,37 / 34,13 / 2,39
Total / 166,87a / 166,04a / 166,34a
Average of birth rate / 52,44 / 52,30 / 52,40
aMeans in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (P<0.05)
Prevalence of embryos and incubation rates was 95.58% and 80.07% respectively in the 6th generation.
3.1.2. Selection result of chicken hen TP2
3.1.2.1. Characteristics of appearance
The results show that strains of chicken have a relatively stable appearance: At 1 day of age: 100% of the chickens have brownish-brown feather color with black spots on the head and 2 black stripes on the back. At maturity: Yellowish-horned hawthorn, golden beak (LV-yellow brown) accounted for 93.42-95.26% in generations, the rest was clay color, light brown accounted for 4 74-6.58%. The 100% rooster is light brown in color, the wings are black, and the tail is black.
3.1.2.2. Survival rate, feed consumption level at stages of time
Chickens TP2 have a high survival rate through steady stages and selective generations. Stage 1 - 8 weeks of age reach 97.02 - 97.08%; 9-23 weeks of age reached 96.67 - 97.14%. The amount of feed consumed in the period 0 to 8 weeks of age fed freely, so the amount of feed consumed was high: 3551.31 - 4326.65g/ chicken. Stage 9 - 23 weeks of age fed quantitative restrictions to control body weight, feed consumption from 10647g/ chicken (hen), 11158g /chicken (rooster).
3.1.2.3. Selection results of body weight at 8 weeks of age in TP2 chicken
TP2 is female line, thus selection norm of body weight at the age of 8 weeks is not very much considered. Selecting males body weight of which were > and combining egg productivity of mother hen at the selection rate of 10.14-13.71%; Selecting females body weight of which were > and combining egg productivity of mother hen at the selection rate of 51.24-61.74%;