Word / Definition
Chapter 5
Cultural assimilation / Process that occurs when a minority group, living as part of a dominant group within a culture, loses the cultural characteristics that made it different
Cultural blindness / The process of ignoring differences in people and proceeding as though the differences do not exist
Cultural diversity / Diverse groups in society, with varying racial classifications and national origins, religious affiliations, languages, physical size, gender, sexual orientation, age, disability, socioeconomic status, occupational status, and geographic location
Cultural imposition / Tendency of some to impose their beliefs, practices, and values on other culture because they believe that their ideas are superior to those of another person or group
Culture / Sum total of human behavior or social characteristics particular to a specific group and passed from generation to generation or from one to another within the group
Culture conflict / Situation that occurs when people become aware of cultural differences, feel threatened, and respond by ridiculing the beliefs and traditions of others to make themselves feel more secure about their own values
Culture shock / Those feelings, usually negative, a person experiences when placed in a different culture
Ethnicity / Sense of identification that a cultural group collectively has; the sharing of common and unique cultural and social beliefs and behavior patterns, including language and dialect, religious practices, literature, folklore, music, political interests, food preferences, and employment patterns
Ethnocentrism / Belief that one’s own ideas, beliefs, and practices are best, superior, or most preferred to those of others; using one’s cultural norms as the standard to evaluate others’ beliefs
Personal space / External environment surrounding a person that is regarded as being part of that person
Race / Division of human beings based on distinct physical characteristics
Stereotyping / Assigning characteristics to a group of people without considering specific individuality
Subculture / Group of people with different interest or goals than the primary culture
Chapter 6
Advocacy / Protection and support of another’s rights
Autonomy / Self-determination; being independent and self-governing
Beneficence / Principle of doing good
Bioethics / Ethics that encompass all those perspectives that seek to understand human nature and behavior, the domain of social science, and the natural world
Care-based approach / Approach to bioethics that directs attention to the specific situations of individual patients viewed within the context of their life narrative
Clinical ethics / Same duties to self as to others – including the responsibility to preserve integrity, to maintain competence, and to continue personal and professional growth
Code of ethics / Principles that reflect the primary goals, values and obligations of the profession
Deontologic / Ethical system in which actions are right or wrong independent of the consequences they produce
Ethical agency / The ability to behave in an ethical way; to do the ethically right thing because it is the right thing to do
Ethical dilemma / Situation that arises when attempted adherence to basic ethical principles results in two conflicting courses of action
Ethics / System dealing with standards of character and behavior related to what is right and wrong
Feminist ethics / Type of ethical approach that aims to criticize existing patterns of oppression and domination in society, especially as these affect women and the poor
Fidelity / Keeping promises and commitments made to others
Justice / Process that distributes benefits, risks, and costs fairly
Morals / Like ethics, concerned with what constitutes right action; more informal and personal than the term ethics
Nonmaleficence / Principle of avoiding evil
Nursing ethics / A subset of bioethics; formal study of ethical issues that arise in the practice of nursing and of the analysis used by nurses to make ethical judgements
Paternalism / When a nurse acts as a “parent” choosing an action the patient does not want because the nurse believes it to be in the patient’s best interest
Principle-based approach / An approach to bioethics that offers specific action guides
Utilitarian / Action-guiding theory of ethics that states the rightness or wrongness of an action depends on the consequences of the action
Value / Set of beliefs that are meaningful in life and that influence relationships with others
Value system / Organization of values ranked along a continuum of importance
Values clarification / Process by which people come to understand their own values and value system
Chapter 7
Accreditation / Process by which an educational program is evaluated and then recognized as having met certain predetermined standards of education
Assault / Threat or an attempt to make bodily contact with another person without that person’s permission
Battery / Assault that is carried out
Certification / Process by which a person who has met certain criteria established by a nongovernmental association is granted recognition
Common law / Law resulting from court decisions that is then followed when other cases involving similar circumstances and facts arise; common law is as binding as civil law
Credentialing / General term that refers to ways in which professional competence is maintained
Crime / Offense against people or property; the act is considered to be against the government, referred to in a lawsuit as “the people”, and the accuse is prosecuted by the state
Defamation of character / An intentional tort in which one party makes derogatory remarks about another that diminishes the other party’s reputation; slander is oral defamation of character; libel is written defamation of character
Defendant / The one being accused of a crime or tort
Expert witness / Nurse who explains to the judge and jury what happened based on the patient’s record and who offers an opinion as to whether the nursing care met acceptable standards of practice
Fact witness / Nurse who has knowledge of the actual incident prompting a legal case; bases testimony on firsthand knowledge of the incident, not on assumptions
Felony / (1) Crime punishable by imprisonment in a state or federal penitentiary for more than one year; (2) Crime of greater offense than a misdemeanor
Fraud / Willful and purposeful misrepresentation that could cause, or has caused, loss or harm to people or property
Liability / Legal responsibility for one’s acts (and failure to act); includes responsibility for financial restitution of harms resulting from negligent acts
Licensure / To be given a license to practice nursing in a state or province after successfully meeting requirements
Litigation / Process of lawsuit
Malpractice / Act of negligence as applied to a professional person such as a physician, nurse, or dentist
Misdemeanor / Crime of lesser offense than a felony and punishable by fines, imprisonment (usually for less than one year), or both
Negligence / Performing an act that a reasonably prudent person under similar circumstances would not do, or failing to perform an act that a reasonably prudent person under similar circumstances would do
Plaintiff / Person or government bringing a lawsuit against another
Sentinel event / An unexpected occurrence involving death or serious physical or psychological injury, or the risk thereof
Statutory law / Law enacted by a legislative body
Tort / Wrong committed by a person against another person or that person’s property
Whistle-blowing / A warning from a present or past member of an organization to the public concerning a serious wrongdoing or danger created or masked by the organization
Chapter 45
Agnostic / Person who believes that nothing can be known about the existence of a god
Atheist / Person who denies the existence of a god
Faith / (1)Spiritual dimensions of a person’s life regardless of religious affiliation; (2)Confident belief in something for which there is no proof or material evidence
Hope / Ingredient in life responsible for a positive outlook, even in life’s bleakest moments
Religion / Organized system of beliefs about a higher power; often includes set forms of worship, spiritual practices, and codes of conduct
Spiritual beliefs / Practices associated with all aspects of a person’s life, including health and illness, that address the indivisible “spirit” – a creative, mysterious, guiding power
Spiritual distress / An altercation in spiritual health
Spiritual healing / Movement toward integration, from brokenness to wholeness
Spiritual health / Condition that exists when the universal spiritual needs for meaning and purpose, love and belonging, and forgiveness are met
Spirituality / Anything that pertains to a person’s relationship with a nonmaterial life force or higher power
Spiritual needs / Lack of anything necessary for spiritual health
Pathophysiology Vocab – Chapter 3
Vascular response / Increase blood flow to the site of an injury
Dilate / To become larger or wider
Permeable / A state where junctions are opened between the endothelial cells, allowing fluid to move into the injured tissue
Phagocytosis / Ingesting large particles such as cells, bacteria, and damaged cellular components
Exudate / A watery fluid with a high protein and leukocyte concentration that accumulates at the site of injury
Inflammatory mediators / Facilitate the process of widening and loosening of the blood vessels at the site of injury
Mast cells / Leukocytes (white blood cells) that are housed throughout the connective tissues of the body and near all blood vessels
Degranulation / The mast cell breaks apart and releases inflammatory mediators in the form of extracellular granules (grain-like particles)
Basophil / A white blood cell that also contains granules
Cellular response / To alert the products of healing to attend to the site of injury
Chemotaxis / The calling forth of inflammatory cells to the injured site
Diapedesis / A process that allows leukocytes to move between and through endothelial cells in order to engulf and destroy the offending agent and remove dead tissue
Local manifestations / Referred to as cardinal signs and include erythema, heat, swelling, pain and loss of function
Erythema / Redness
Lymphadenitis / Enlargement and inflammation of the nearby lymph nodes
Leukocytosis / An elevation in white blood cells, or leukocytes, with a count usually above 10,000/mm
Thrombus / A protective scab that is formed from dried exudate at the site of injury
Fibroblasts / Cells that produce and replace the connective tissue layer to support the constructive phase of wound healing
Collagen / Scar tissue; a substance manufactured by fibroblasts that fill in the gaps left after the removal of extensively damaged tissues or those tissues made up of cells that are unable to regenerate
Regeneration / A process of reformation of parenchymal tissues, which can only occur in those cells that undergo mitotic division
Primary intention / A form of healing in which the wound is approximated with all areas of the wound, connecting and healing simultaneously
Secondary intention / A form of healing characteristic of large, open, craterlike wounds in which the wounds heal from the bottom up, posing a greater risk for infection and scarring
Dehiscence / A problem of deficient scar formation in which the wound splits or bursts open, often at a suture line
Keloids / Hypertrophic scars that result from excessive collagen production at the site of injury
Proteinases / Enzymes that destroy elastin and other tissue components
First degree burns / Superficial partial-thickness burns; damage the epidermis
Second degree burns / Deep partial-thickness burns; damage epidermal skin layers and penetrate some dermal skin layers
Third degree burns / Full-thickness burns; damage the epidermis and dermis and can penetrate subcutaneous layers as well
Contractures / Areas of thick, shortened, and rigid tissue
Arthritis / Generic term for degeneration or inflammation of the joints and refers to a group of diseases of varying pathogenesis
Pathophysiology Quiz on Chapter 3
Please bold your answers.
- You get a paper cut and experience pain at the site. This response is related to:
b)Increased exudate and chemical mediators at the site
c)Bacteria that have entered the wound
d)Vasoconstriction at the site
- Inflammation is ultimately needed to:
b)Increased platelets at the site for clotting
c)Restore functional cells
d)Prepare site for healing
- A wound is 6 cm x 6 cm x x4 cm. A wound with these dimensions needs to heal through:
b)Primary intention
c)Tertiary intention
d)Scar tissue formation
- A major difference between acute and chronic inflammatory response is that in chronic inflammation:
b)Neutrophils are much more prominent
c)Granulomas form around certain invaders
d)Granulation tissue is present
- Which is not a local manifestation of acute inflammation?
b)Redness
c)Loss of function
d)Leukocytosis
- Depth of injury us important to determine with burns, you are in the sun too long without sunblock and develop redness and blistering in your face, chest, and back. What depth of burn did you experience?
b)Deep partial-thickness burn
c)Full-thickness burn
d)Dermal-thickness burn
- The hospitalized burn patient wants to know why you need to remove his dressings every day. It is painful and he wants to avoid uncovering his burn injury. You explain that removing the dressings promotes:
b)Infection
c)Skin function
d)Drying exudate
- What is the one definitive test to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis?
b)An elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
c)A positive antinuclear antibody (ANA)
d)One test is not definitive
- Which of the following is the most common cause of acute gastritis?
b)Too much stomach acid
c)Ingestion of aspirin, alcohol, or other chemicals
d)H. Pylori infection
- Why is Crohn disease more likely to cause intestinal obstruction than ulcerative colitis?
b)Crohn disease causes granulomas to from in the submucosa layer
c)Crohn disease causes abdominal pain and watery diarrhea
d)Crohn disease is exacerbated by certain foods, such as spicy foods