AP Biology Summer Assignment
Name: Class period:
This packet is a review of material learned in Bio 1. These topics will be imbedded throughout the AP Bio curriculum. It is imperative that you have a good foundation in Bio 1 to be successful in AP Biology. Complete this packet and turn it in by September 13, 2013. For your convenience, a word bank has been included for each section. Do not procrastinate in completing this assignment.
Life at the Molecular Level
A. Inorganic Compounds~ (Typically DO NOT contain carbon)
1. Water (hydrogen bonding, floats, acids, temperature, capillary action, water, polar, 7, 4, 14, 0, adhesion, cohesion, solvent, bases, high heat of vaporization, homeostasis, surface tension) WORDS MAY BE USED MORE THAN ONCE!
a. Water molecules have a slightly negative charge at one end and a slightly positive charge at the other, this means that the molecule is (______).
b. (______) is the attraction between the positive end of one water molecule and the negative end of another water molecule.
c. Many of the 5 unique properties of water are caused by hydrogen bonding
~ (______) is the movement of water up thin plant tubes, caused by (______) which means that water molecules ‘stick’ to other things.
~ The property that helps bugs stand on water is (______), caused by (______).
~ Water expands when it freezes which makes ice (______).
~ Water has a (______), so it takes a lot of energy to change from a liquid to a gas. This helps organisms maintain the amount of water they have in their bodies.
~ Water resists temperature change so organisms maintain (______) and keep a constant (______).
d. Because water is a polar molecule, it is called the universal (______) because it can dissolve many substances.
e. Cells are 95% (______), therefore 95% of your entire body is made of water.
~~The pH scale is from 0-14. (______) range 0-6. (______) range 8-14. Neutral solutions have a pH (______).
Nutrient Cycles
2. The Water Cycle (terms: condensation, transpiration, precipitation, capillary action, evaporation, run-off, ground water) WORDS MAY BE USED MORE THAN ONCE!
a. water falls to the ground in the form of (______) (# ___)
b. it percolates through the soil to make (______) (# ____)
c. water that doesn’t go into the ground is called (______) (# ___)
d. water is taken into plants through the roots by (______)
e. (______)- the process of releasing water vapor into the atmosphere from plant leaves. (# ___)
f. (______) puts water from oceans & lakes into the atmosphere. (# ____)
g. water in the atmosphere forms droplets in clouds by (______). (# ___)
h. In Arizona there is probably more (______) than (______)
i. Places with much ground water probably have much (______)
3. The Carbon Dioxide/Oxygen Cycle (terms: heterotrophs, CO2, water, O2, glucose, chloroplasts, mitochondria, photosynthesis, chemical, respiration, autotrophs, solar) WORDS MAY BE USED MORE THAN ONCE!
a. (______) use organelles called (______) in their leaves to collect (______) energy.
b. (______)occurs so plants can make (______)to use for energy.
c. photosynthesis converts (______)energy into (______)energy.
d. photosynthesis uses (______),(______)and (______) energy to form (______) (______).
e. animals can’t make their own food, therefore they’re called (______).
f. animals use organelles called (______)to perform a process called (______)which breaks down food molecules to produce ATP for energy.
g. respiration uses (______) and (______)to produce (______) and (______).
h. the gas made by respiration is (______); the gas taken in by photosynthesis is (______).
i. the gas taken in by respiration is (______);the gas produced by photosynthesis is (______).
j. The letter (_____) represents the rabbit dying and replacing nutrients in the soil.
k. The letter (____) represents carbon dioxide being taken in to perform photosynthesis.
l. The letters (____) and (____) show CO2 being released into the atmosphere by respiration.
m. The letters (____) and (____) show carbon compounds being ingested for metabolic purposes.
>Write the chemical equation for photosynthesis: Think about what plants take in and what they release!!!
______à ______
>Write the chemical equation for cellular respiration: If you know the equation for photosynthesis, you know the equation for cellular respiration (they’re similar)!!!
______à ______
4. The Nitrogen Cycle (terms: decompose, heterotrophic, autotrophs, producers, consume)
a. nitrogen is absorbed from the soil by (______) (plants) to build compounds
b. (______) organisms (______) plants to build their own compounds.
c. when organisms die, the bodies (______) and nitrogen goes back to the soil.
d. nitrogen-fixing bacteria use the nitrogen compounds for themselves and to make the nitrogen available for other (______) and organisms to use.
e. The number (___) represents organic wastes from plants and animals adding nitrogen to the soil.
f. The number (___) depicts plants using nitrogen in the soil to grow, develop, and reproduce.
g. The number (___) shows that plants are eaten by animals (including people) to gain nitrogen.
h. The number (___) is where bacteria in the soil convert nitrogen in to forms that plants can use.
Ecology - the study of organisms and their interactions with the environment
A. Biomes and Ecosystems (ecological succession, climax community, primary succession)
1. Small shrubs and annual plants are those associated with (______).
2. Fires that destroy climax communities can occur naturally in forests if, for instance, lightning strikes trees or dry foliage. This helps ecosystems by allowing (______) to start over.
3. Imagine a forest fire wiped out a full grown forest. Place the letters (W-Z) from the diagram to the right in order from primary succession to climax community. (______)
4. Hardwood trees and large plants are associated with a (______). This would be letter (__)
5. Ecological succession starts with primary succession and is stable as a (______)
B. Biomes (desert, rain forest, deciduous, coniferous, tundra, ocean, grassland, freshwater)
6. Biomes are typically named for the type of vegetation, so biomes that primarily have varieties of
grasses are called (______) biomes, but pine trees are usually in a (______) biome.
7. Two of the coldest biomes are the (______) and taiga.
8. A biome that has a thick canopy of trees and plants is a (______).
9. In the (______), the amount of precipitation exceeds the amount of evaporation.
10. (______) biomes are aquatic and include lakes and rivers. Organisms in these biomes are sensitive to even the smallest environmental changes.
11. (______) forests have cone baring trees.
12. The (______) has varying salinity and temperature zones.
13. Lions can easily stalk their prey in (______) biomes because the vegetation is the same color as their fur, which serves as camouflage.
14. (______) biomes have sparse vegetation. The few plants that can survive here have shallow root systems that collect rain water as soon as it falls.
15. (______) trees have thin needle-like leaves instead of broad leaves with a lot of surface area
16. (______) trees have broad leaves that change color and fall off in the fall.
17. In VA, most of the trees lose their leaves in the fall. The biome is a temperate (______) forest.
B. Vocab (consumer, autotrophic, biotic, abiotic, increase, decrease, species, carnivore, omnivore, herbivore, scavengers, decomposers, producer, population, heterotrophic, community, energy, ecosystem, biosphere)
1. A (______) is an organism at the beginning of a food chain; produce their own food
2. Organisms, like plants, that can make their own food are (______).
3. Organisms that feed off of other organisms are (______).
4. A (______) is an organism that eats producers or other organisms for energy.
5. A nonliving part of the environment is a(n) (______) factor.
6. A living part of the environment is a (n) (______) factor.
7. A consumer that eats only producers is called a (n) (______).
8. A consumer that eats both plants and animals is called a (n) (______).
9. A (______) is a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
10. Many populations of different organisms living together is a(n) (______)
11. A species that lives together and interbreeds is a(n) (______)
12. The community of organisms in an area including abiotic factors is a(n) (______)
13. The Earth represents a(n) (______)
14. (______) is transferred through an ecosystem by eating or consuming food.
15. (______) eat things that are already dead (ex. vulture)
16. (______) break down decaying organisms and nutrients are put back into the soil by
bacteria and fungi like mushrooms)
17. [A hunter <---- a fox <---- a rabbit <---- grass or plants] In food webs or food chains, the arrow
ALWAYS points to the direction that (______) flows.
18. [A hunter <---- a fox <---- a rabbit <---- grass] In this food chain, the rabbit is a
(______), the fox is a (______), and the grass is a (______)
19. [A hunter <---- a fox <---- a rabbit <---- grass] In this example, the rabbit and fox could not
interbreed because they are not in the same (______)
20. [A hunter <---- a fox <---- a rabbit <---- grass] In this example, if the rabbit population increased,
then the fox population would probably (______)
C. Relationships (commensalism, mutualism, parasitism, symbiosis, water, predation, sunlight, extinction, limiting factors, competition for food, pollution, disease, climate)
1. (______)- one organism is harmed while the other benefits
2. (______)- both organisms benefit
3. (______)- flea and a cat.
4. (______)- buffalo and an insect eating bird
5. (______)- organisms living together
6. A wasp injecting eggs into another organism. As the eggs develop into larvae, they use the host for nutrients. The host dies as the wasp larvae develop. When one organism benefits and the other is harmed the relationship is called (______).
7. Anemones release poisonous chemicals from their tentacles that paralyze prey. Clown fish are not affected by the poison & find protection from predators by living near anemones. This is called (______) because the fish don’t harm or benefit the anemone.
8. Lichen is a type of (______) in which a type of algae and fungus live together. This type of relationship is called (______).
9. Things that limit the size of populations are called (______)
10. On the rain forest floor, a limiting factor for plants would be availability of (______)
11. In the desert, a limiting factor for both plants and animals would be availability of (______)
12. Hunting is encouraged for deer populations because they live in such close proximity to each other that (______) is a limiting factor.
13. Only 3,000 manatee Trichechus manatus are left, and most of them are in the ocean around Florida.
Because there is little genetic diversity, a disease that reduces fertility might cause (______).
Evolution- the theory that there is a gradual change in characteristics over time.
A. Early Theorists
1. Lamarck (Inheritance of Acquired Traits, Law of Use and Disuse)
a. (______)- if you don’t use it, you lose it
b. Lamarck believed that giraffe’s long necks were a result of being stretched because they were trying
to reach tall trees, and the ones who didn’t stretch died out
c. (______)- was his belief that if a characteristic occurs and is beneficial to an
organism’s survival, then it will be passed on; ex. if a toe gets cut off and it’s helpful, then that trait gets passed on to offspring.
d. NO fossil evidence to support this theory so it was thrown out
2. Charles Darwin (The Origin of Species, finches, Galapagos Islands, Natural Selection, Survival of the Fittest)
a. (______)- only the organisms that are best suited to their environments will survive
b. The (______) were a cluster of islands that had different food sources. Because of this, the (______) had different beaks to help eat the food.
c. (______) was his book that compiled his evidence for evolution
B. Types and Rates of Evolution (gradualism, convergent, divergent, punctuated equilibrium)
1. (______)- related organisms become more distant (finches with different beaks)
2. (______)- distantly related organisms develop similar characteristics
3. (______)- organisms evolve as a result of small adaptive changes over time
4. (______)- long periods of no change followed by short periods of rapid change.
C. Evidence of Common Ancestry (appendix, younger, older, homologous structures, fish, vestigial organs, common ancestors, phalanges, rabbits, DNA sequence, humerus, gorillas, embryology) WORDS MAY BE USED MORE THAN ONCE!
1. (______) a bat’s wing, whale’s flipper, and human arm have the same number, type, and arrangement of bones; also found in fossil records.
2. The bone of the upper arm is the (______).
3. Human fingers and the bones in the tip of a bat’s wing are both called (______).
4. The presence of the same number & type of bones in the wing of a bat and the arm and hand of a human suggests that a bat and a human must share (______)
5. (______)- similar amino acid sequences in proteins of horses and humans provides evidence of similar origin, this is the most specific way to compare organisms.
6. The fact that the DNA of humans and that of monkey species are 99% similar suggests that they probably share (______).
7. The most specific way to provide evidence of common ancestry is by using (______).
8. (______)- embryos of different organisms (chicken, human, rabbit) look similar at certain early stages, which means the same genes are being expressed at those times.
9. (______)- is a structure that has no apparent use; the (______) in humans may be a remnant of a digestive organ still found in other organisms.
10. According to relative dating of fossils: the deeper underground the fossil is, the (______) it is.
11. If 4 types of fern fossils were found in the northeast United States, which of the following could be inferred? (______) A. turtles were there B. it was covered by an ocean C. it was once warmer
Genetics – the study of heredity
A. Vocabulary (terms: phenotype, gene, heredity, genetics, genome, recessive, dominant, Gregor Mendel, trait, genotype, alleles, homozygous, heterozygous)
1. (______)- two different alleles, a hybrid (Tt)
2. (______)- is the passing of characteristics from parent to offspring