MY Notes Protestant Reformation and Martin Luther
•diet – assembly or legislature John Calvin – a reformer who preached predestination and the living of a saintly life
•John Calvin and predestination – the idea that God had predetermined who would gain salvation
•Geneva – the Swiss city where, in 1541, John Calvin was asked to establish a Christian community
•theocracy – a government run by religious leaders
•indulgences – in the Roman Catholic Church, pardons for sins committed during a person’s life
•Martin Luther –the German monk who
triggered the revolt (Protestant Reformation) against the Roman Catholic church in 1517
•Wittenberg – city in northern Germany where Luther drew up his 95 Theses
•95 Thesis – Martin Luther’s 95 objections to the catholic Church
•Charles V – the Holy Roman emperor who ordered Luther to recant his 95 Theses
•Humanism questioned of the role of the individual in: society, government, religion, science, art, philosophy and trade.
Movement toward secular and rational explanations to better understand nature and human nature
•Martin Luther, The German monk and professor, sparked a revolt in 1517.(Protestant Reformation)
Martin Luther questioned the corruption of the Catholic Church. He meant for reform but created a revolution. He did not recognize the authority of the church since indulgences were going against the teaching of Jesus, ‘by faith alone you will enter the kingdom.’ Also the church was targeting his town and others in Germany with the sale of Indulgences.
Origins of Indulgences In 1517, PopeLeo X offeredindulgences for those who gave money to complete St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Indulgences included fees for marriage and other sacraments, but most of all could be a fast track to Heaven and a forgiveness of sin.
Part 2
Igniting a Fire Storm & Printing Press
* With the use of the printing press, created by Guttenberg, Luther's Local criticisms of Church contained in his 95 thesis quickly spread through Europe. Leading to the Diet of Worms forcing Luther to recant his objections or be excommunicated.
* Luther refuses and does not accept the authority of Rome and the Pope.
* Encourages others to do the same.
* 1521 Leo the X excommunicates Luther
* 1521 Holy Roman Emperor Charles the V summons Luther to the Diet of Worms for him to recant
* Luther refuses and makes his famous quote “Here I stand for I can do no other”
* Luther is declared an outlaw. His books and writings were ordered banned and burned.
* It was illegal to give Luther food or shelter. His popularity still grew.
Luther’s followers took up the name Protestants to protest Papal authority
Luther was “kidnapped” by friends Prince Fredrick and taken to a castle to hideout after the Diet of Worms.
There he was a teacher, translated the Bible into German.
Teachings for new church practices:
1. Luther wanted people to read everyone should read the bible
2. Every town should have a school
3. Banned indulgences, pilgrimages and prays to saints
4. Simplified Mass done in vernacular.
5. Emphasized the Sermon
6. No pope instead elected local councils (Leading to many branches of the religion)
7. Priests could marry
Peasant Revolt 1524-1525 – Peasants considering Luther a hero for challenging the church believed they too could challenge authority: their lords. They become a mob and cause great damage. Peasants destroyed alters of Christ, Mary and Saints in the Church. Luther hates this revolt because he is for reason and against mob rule “horrendous massive Swarms”
The Peace of Augsburg (1555)
* 1530- 1540’s Charles the v still tries to get Luther back to the Catholic Church
* several wars were fought and Luther refused to go back
* The Peace of Augsburg allowed each prince which religion they would choose
Luther causes change beyond religion
Luther translates the Bible into German vernacular. Along with the printing press, books become affordable.At first reading and education is encouraged for reading the Bible. Books and reading lead to discussion, debate and more books. Almost instantly topics other than religion are written about. Human knowledge expands exponentially.
(Guttenberg Bible) Luther's Bible is the first book printed on the Guttenberg Printing Press.
Catholic (Counter) Reformation
The Catholic Reformation was the intellectual counter-force to Protestantism.
The Renaissance taught people to question and to challenge the norm. The Catholic Church hierarchy failed to change with it and the organization of the Church appeared dated. Others had tried to bring forward Catholic doctrine.In 1545, the Council of Trent:
Ended indulgences
Worked to educate all that would become priests
All sacraments and teachings remained the same
The English Reformation
The English Reformation started in the reign of Henry VIII. The English Reformation was to have far reaching consequences in Tudor England. Henry VIII decided to rid himself of his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, after she had failed to produce a male heir to the throne. He had already decided who his next wife would be - Anne Boleyn. By 1527, Catherine was considered too old to have anymore children.
However, a divorce was not a simple issue. In fact, it was a very complicated one. Henry VIII was a Roman Catholic and the head of this church was the pope based in Rome.
The Roman Catholic faith believed in marriage for life. It did not recognize, let alone support, divorce. Those who were widowed were free to re-marry; this was an entirely different issue. But husbands could not simply decide that their marriage was not working, divorce their wife and re-marry. The Roman Catholic Church simply did not allow it.
This put Henry VIII in a difficult position. If he went ahead and announced thatas king of England he was allowing himself a divorce, the pope could excommunicate him. This meant that under Catholic Church law, your soul could never get to Heaven. To someone living at the time of Henry, this was a very real fear, and a threat which the Catholic Church used to keep people under its control.
Another approach Henry used was to make a special appeal to the pope so that he might get a special "Papal Dispensation". This meant that the pope would agree to Henry’s request for a divorce purely because Henry was king of England but that it would not affect the way the Catholic Church banned divorce for others. The pope refused to grant Henry this and by 1533 his anger was such that he ordered the Archbishop of Canterbury to grant him a divorce so that he could marry Anne Boleyn.
The Archbishop granted Henry his divorce - against the wishes of the pope. But what else could the archbishop do if he wanted to remain on good terms with Henry?
This event effectively lead to England breaking away from the Roman Catholic Church based in Rome. Henry placed himself as head of the church and in that sense, in his eyes, his divorce was perfectly legal. In 1533, few were brave enough to tell him otherwise!
How did the people of England react to this? In fact, the vast bulk of the population were very angry at the way the Roman Catholic Church had used them as a source of money. To get married you had to pay; to get a child baptized (which you needed to be if you were to go to Heaven - so the Catholic Church preached) you had to pay; you even had to pay the Church to bury someone on their land (which you had to do as your soul could only go to Heaven if you were buried on Holy Ground). Therefore, the Catholic Church was very wealthy while many poor remained just that….poor. Their money was going to the Catholic Church. Therefore, there were no great protests throughout the land as many felt that Henry would ease up on taking money from them. Henry knew of the Catholic Church’s unpopularity and, therefore, used this to his advantage.
Henry was made Supreme Head of the Church by an Act of Parliament in 1534. The country was still Catholic but the pope’s power had been ended.
The most wealthy Catholics in England were the monasteries where monks lived. They were also the most loyal supporters of the pope. This made them a threat to Henry.
By the time of Henry, many monks had grown fat and were lazy. They did not help the community as they were meant to do. All they seemed to do was take money from the poor. Also some monasteries were huge and owned vast areas of land. So here were monks not loyal to Henry who were also very wealthy. Henry decided to shut down the monasteries of England. The monasteries were to disappear like sugar dissolves in hot liquid. This is why Henry’s attack on the monasteries is called the 'Dissolution' - they were to be dissolved!
Henry wanted to make the Dissolution appear to be backed by law. He sent round government officials to check up on what the monks were doing. This was organized by his chief minister, Thomas Cromwell. The officials knew what the king wanted in their reports. One report sent to Cromwell commented that the head of the monastery visited, the prior, was a "virtuous man". However, his monks were "corrupt" and "full of vice". The report claimed that the monks had eight to ten girl friends each. This was all that Cromwell needed to shut down the monastery.
The allegations against some monks and nuns 'spoke' for themselves. At Bradley monastic house, the prior was accused of fathering six children; at Lampley Convent, Mariana Wryte had given birth to three children and Johanna Standen to six; at Lichfield Convent, two nuns were found to be pregnant and at Pershore Monastic House, monks were found to be drunk at Mass.
The smaller monasteries were shut down by 1536 while the larger and more valuable ones were shut by 1540. Few people in England were sorry to see them go. Few monks protested as they were given pensions or jobs where their monastery was. The abbot of Fountains Abbey in Yorkshire, Marmaduke Bradley, was given a £100 pension a year for life - a considerable sum of money then. Some chief monks - abbots - were hanged but this was a rarity.
Some monastery buildings were reduced to ruin as the local population was allowed to take what they wanted as long as the silver and gold in the monastery went to the Crown. This meant that expensive building bricks etc. could be acquired for free. This alone made the Dissolution popular with the majority of the people who tended to dislike lazy monks anyhow.
However, the vast bulk of the wealth of the monasteries went to Henry. Some was spent building defenses against France on the south coast around Portsmouth; a small amount went on paying pensions to monks and abbots.
The only real protest in England to what Henry was doing came in 1536 with the Pilgrimage of Grace. This was led by Robert Aske, a lawyer. He wanted the monasteries left alone. Aske, along with several thousands of others, marched to London. Henry promised to look into their complaints and many of the protesters went home satisfied with this. Their complaints were never looked into.
Aske was arrested and hung from a church tower in chains until he died of starvation.
When Henry became king in 1509, the church in England was as follows:
Head of the Church: the pope based in RomeChurch services: all were held in LatinPrayers: all said in LatinBible: written in Latin
Priests: not allowed to marry
By the death of Henry in 1547, the church in England was as follows:
Head of the Church : the king
English citizens had to belong to the Church of England
Church services held in LatinPrayers.
The "Lord’s Prayer" was said in EnglishBible:
EnglishPriests: not allowed to marry.
True Protestants rejected the Anglican Church or Church of England due to its similarities to Catholicism
Compare and Contrast the Church of England with the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Church