Mrs. Sharp/Ms. Edwardsname:

English 10per:

BELLRINGER # 4:

Clauses

A clause is a group of words that has a ______and a ______.

There are two types of clauses: Independent Clauses and Dependent (Subordinate) Clauses.

Essentially, we have already covered these two types of clauses; we have just called them differently.

Independent/Main Clauses

Think about what the word “independent” means:

______

Another word for an Independent Clause is ______, which means it must have 3 things in order to stand alone:

  1. ______This could be the ______
  2. ______
  3. ______

EXAMPLE: 1)Jessica broke the school record in track.2) Please pass the salt.

Dependent/Subordinate Clauses

Think about what the word “dependent” or “subordinate” means:

______

Another word for Dependent/Subordinate Clause is ______

This means that it has a ______and ______, but it cannot stand alone because it is missing a ______.

Subordinate Conjunctions
after
although
as (if)
because
before
even though
how
if / since
so that
than
though
unless
until
what / when
where
whereas
wherever
whether
while
unless
until

EXAMPLE: 1) Because he turned in his essay late.2)That the children were very happy.

NOTE: A dependent clause (like the ones above) usually begins with a subordinate conjunction or relative pronoun. Here are some of the most common subordinate conjunctions and relative pronouns.

Relative Pronouns
That
what
whatever / which
whichever
who
whoever / whom
whomever
whose
(Whichever, whoever, and whomever are not often used.)

PRACTICE #1

Identify if the following phrases are Independent Clauses (I) or Dependent Clauses (D)

  1. ______although she studied all night
  2. ______only scholarship players will be on the field
  3. ______if they don’t work hard enough
  4. ______keep your head up
  5. ______my job is to cur the carrots for the stew
  6. ______because they fell down after the game
  7. ______do you want to make this team
  8. ______since he made the team
  9. ______send the letter in the mail immediately
  10. ______when he did the job correctly

PRACTICE #2

Now that you have practiced with single clauses, let’s look at the following sentences. Identify the underlined parts of the sentence as either Independent Clauses (I) or Dependent Clauses (D).

EXAMPLE: If you want to reduce waste, a recycling program is a good idea.

If you want to reduce waste, a recycling program is a good idea.

  1. ______Every day teachers throw away a hundred of sheets of paper that they should be recycling.
  2. ______Since landfills are getting full, our school doesn’t need to be contributing to the problem.
  3. ______If our teachers recycled in their classrooms, it would set a good example for students.
  4. ______Studentswho may never see an example of recycling at home could learn about it.
  5. ______Once these students learn to recycle, they can show their family how to do it.
  6. ______If every student taught their family to recycle, it would reduce the waste going to landfills.
  7. ______If you model recycling in your neighborhood, more neighbors will join in and start recycling.
  8. ______Although you may only think of recycling papers, many other items can be recycled.
  9. ______Some communities recycle glass and plastic which must be put in separate bins.
  10. ______Make sure you rinse out containers that you recycle so you want attract bugs.
  11. ______Ask your local waste management company if they have special bins for each kind of waste.
  12. ______Before you know it, you will place your waste in the recycling bin without even thinking.

PRACTICE #3

Now that you have practiced with clauses that have already been identified, let’s see if you can find the clauses. Identify the Independent Clauses by underlining the part of the sentence once, and identify the Dependent Clauses by underlining the part of the sentence twice.

EXAMPLE: The students came inwhen the bell rang.

  1. The people who went shopping found a great sale.
  2. Tony’s bike, which is a mountain bike, came from that store.
  3. Juana was sad when the sale was over.
  4. Marianne was excited because she wanted some new things.
  5. Before Nathan started to help, I didn’t think we could finish.
  6. We actually got it finished before the deadline.
  7. After she had finished typing, we completed the project.
  8. We ran as fast we could because the bus was coming.
  9. The people who own the stores are proud of the beautiful setting.
  10. The stamp that I bought was already in my collection.

Fixing Dependent Clauses

Again, essentially, we have already discussed ways to fix dependent clauses when we worked with fragments.

Since we know that dependent clauses already contain the ______and ______, but is missing the ______, there really are only 2 ways to fix these dependent clauses:

  1. ______the subordinate conjunction which is the part of the clause that makes it dependent or subordinate.

EXAMPLEDependent/Subordinate Clause: That the children were very unhappy.

Correction: The children were very unhappy.

*REMEMBER: This is an easy strategy, butit can create really short, simple sentences, and sometimes it does not work very easily, so BE CAREFUL!

  1. ______the dependent clause to an ______to make a more complex sentence.

EXAMPLEDependent/Subordinate Clause: That the children were unhappy.

Correction: Anyone could see that the children were unhappy.

Remember, if you connect the independent clause to the end of the dependent clause (dependent clause at the beginning of the sentence), then you need to use a ______.

EXAMPLEDependent/Subordinate Clause: Because of the long game.

Correction: Because of the long game we got home past our curfew.

If you connect the independent clause to the beginning of the dependent clause (dependent clause at the end of the sentence), then you don’t need to use a ______.

EXAMPLEDependent/Subordinate Clause: Because of the long game.

Correction: We got home past our curfew because of the long game

Sometimes, you can put the dependent clause in the middle of the sentence, which means the independent clause is around the dependent clause. Sometimes, you might need to use two ______to separate the phrase. This is usually true for dependent clauses that begin with ______

EXAMPLEDependent/Subordinate Clause: Who is my next door neighbor.

Correction: Justin who is my next door neighbor plays in the local band.

PRACTICE #4

Now, take the following dependent/subordinate clauses and fix them one of the two ways.

  1. although I never had played tennis

______

  1. who was very hungry

______

  1. because Sylvia was absent the week we studied Shakespeare

______

  1. when the carburetor was adjusted

______

  1. that it startled him

______

PRACTICE #5:

Now, let’s practice fixing dependent clauses within a paragraph. First, identify the dependent clauses by underlining them in the paragraph. Then, fix them by connecting them to an independent clause. Change punctuation and capitalization as necessary.

Types of Sentences

Now that we have worked with independent and dependent clauses, including fixing dependent clauses, you have already practiced different types of sentences.

There are essentially 4 types of sentences. Let’s focus on the 1st two because we have already learned these:

1) ______

  1. This type of sentence is what it sounds like. When we practiced fixing dependent clauses by deleting words, we created this type of sentence.
  2. It is only comprised of 1 ______.
  3. As always, must have at least 1 ______, ______, and ______.

EXAMPLE: Ray and Judy worked and saved enough for a trip across the country.

Ray and Judy planned the trip for months.

2)______

  1. This type of sentence is something we have already practiced when we practiced fixing dependent clauses by connecting.
  2. It is comprised of 1 ______and at least 1 ______.

EXAMPLE: Because Ray wanted to keep his guitar with him, they decided against taking a plane.

Ray and Judy rented the car since they did not want to put miles on their own car.

PRACTICE #1

3) ______

  1. This type of sentence focuses more on the independent clauses.
  2. It is comprised of 2 or more ______that are connected in some way.
  3. There are 3 ways to connect correctly:
  1. ______
  2. ______
  3. ______

EXAMPLE: Because Ray wanted to keep his guitar with him, they decided against taking a plane.