Montane birds shift downslope despite recent warming in the northern Appalachian Mountains

Journal of Ornithology

Online Resource 1

William V. DeLuca1 and David I. King2

1 Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, 204 Holdsworth Hall, Amherst, MA 01003, , T:443-223-0991, F:413-545-4358

2 David I. King, Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 204 Holdsworth Hall, Amherst, MA 01003

Electronic Supplemental Material

The coefficient estimate for year in a mixed effects model, standard error, and total sample size, respectively. The year coefficient represents the change in species elevational occurrences over time. Bold indicates that the 95% CI of the coefficient does not include zero and that the coefficient is significantly different than zero (P < 0.05). Asterisks indicate models that were not run because the number of random effect grouping levels was equal to observations.

Percentile of elevation distribution
Species / 0.1 / 0.2 / 0.3 / 0.4 / Mean / 0.6 / 0.7 / 0.8 / 0.9
Low elevation
Least Flycatcher
(Empidonax minimus) / - / - / - / - / -1.43
(4.94), 104 / 4.46
(5.29), 41 / 7.27
(4.25), 32 / 7.55
(5.56), 22 / 7.69
(7.51), 13
Black-capped Chickadee (Poecile atricapilla) / - / - / - / - / -2.77
(1.41), 232 / -4.10
(1.75), 92 / -5.08
(1.87), 72 / -8.39
(2.03), 49 / -9.63
(2.65), 27
Red-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta Canadensis) / - / - / - / - / -0.50
(0.90), 445 / 0.004
(1.13), 178 / -0.86
(1.30), 132 / 0.12
(1.49), 92 / 1.33
(1.84), 48
Brown Creeper
(Certhia americana) / - / - / - / - / -0.26
(2.24), 83 / -0.43
(2.02), 34 / -2.96
(2.25), 27 / -0.45
(3.50), 19 / -0.17
(4.52), 13
Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Regulus calendula) / - / - / - / - / -0.64
(0.77), 452 / 1.04
(0.78), 181 / 0.98
(0.83), 135 / 1.21
(1.03), 92 / -1.35
(0.98), 48
Golden-crowned Kinglet (Regulus satrapa) / - / - / - / - / 0.86 (0.85), 559 / 0.41 (0.82), 223 / -0.12 (0.90), 168 / 0.21 (1.07), 114 / 0.01 (1.36), 60
Hermit Thrush
(Catharus guttatus) / - / - / - / - / 3.91 (1.82), 162 / 8.27 (2.47), 63 / 11.29 (2.57), 50 / 14.29 (3.00), 33 / 15.96 (4.43), 18
Red-eyed Vireo
(Vireo olivaceus) / - / - / - / - / 0.70 (2.80), 62 / -5.80 (3.16), 24 / -9.95 (4.35), 19 / -10.93 (4.69), 15 / *
Blue-headed Vireo
(Vireo solitaries) / - / - / - / - / 0.65 (1.28), 150 / -1.42 (1.87), 59 / 0.20 (2.24), 47 / -0.17 (2.54), 33 / -0.65 (3.41), 19
Black-throated Green Warbler
(Setophaga virens) / - / - / - / - / 1.07 (0.78), 434 / 2.69 (1.05), 173 / 2.94 (1.15), 133 / 4.26 (1.47), 89 / 6.00 (1.79), 47
Black-and-white Warbler (Mnioilta varia) / - / - / - / - / 11.53 (2.75), 63 / 19.25 (3.00), 24 / 18.29 (3.28), 20 / 16.11 (4.90), 14 / 17.30 (6.16), 10
Black-throated blue Warbler
(Setophaga caerulescens) / - / - / - / - / 4.85 (1.79), 81 / 11.39 (2.05), 31 / 10.85 (2.19), 26 / 12.92 (2.77), 17 / 12.25 (3.77), 13
Canada Warbler
(Wilsonia canadensis) / - / - / - / - / 9.37 (4.58), 31 / 17.12 (5.45), 12 / 16.23 (5.81), 11 / 15.62 (7.08), 8 / *
Blackburnian Warbler (Setophaga fusca) / - / - / - / - / 10.66 (2.70), 69 / 14.27 (2.38), 28 / 13.79 (3.08), 22 / 14.91 (2.70), 18 / 13.67 (3.98), 12
American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla) / - / - / - / - / 8.16 (2.14), 131 / 14.03 (2.70), 53 / 14.42 (2.83), 42 / 13.35 (2.94), 20 / 19.26 (5.41), 19
Ovenbird
(Seiurus aurocapillus) / - / - / - / - / 5.31 (2.32), 42 / 5.90 (3.25), 17 / 7.27 (4.05), 14 / 9.79 (3.31), 11 / 9.29 (3.99), 10
High elevation
Magnolia Warbler (Setophaga magnolia) / -0.35 (0.62), 120 / -0.36 (0.45), 230 / -0.52 (0.39), 345 / -0.61 (0.37), 457 / 0.48 (0.53), 1145 / 0.20 (0.60), 456 / 0.36 (0.64), 345 / 1.78 (0.76), 229 / 2.57 (1.01), 119
Swainson’s Thrush (Catharus ustulatus) / -2.07 (0.55), 194 / -2.06 (0.44), 382 / -1.86 (0.40), 572 / -1.73 (0.39), 757 / -0.40 (0.52), 1897 / -0.31 (0.55), 759 / -0.23 (0.53), 571 / 0.33 (0.56), 381 / 0.87 (0.65), 193
Winter Wren
(Troglodytes troglodytes) / -1.33 (0.46), 281 / -1.52 (0.38), 559 / -1.33 (0.37), 838 / -1.23 (0.35), 1116 / -0.89 (0.44), 2792 / -1.27 (0.38), 1116 / -1.05 (0.39), 839 / -1.01 (0.43), 560 / -1.00 (0.46), 282
Yellow-bellied Flycatcher (Empidonax flaviventris) / -0.70 (0.55), 183 / -1.07 (0.43), 359 / -1.42 (0.41), 539 / -0.98 (0.38), 713 / -0.36 (0.47), 1788 / -1.86 (0.46), 713 / -1.60 (0.48), 538 / -1.28 (0.51), 358 / -1.38 (0.67), 183
Nashville Warbler (Vermivora ruficapilla) / -1.53 (0.62), 59 / -1.41 (0.73), 109 / -0.98 (0.63), 163 / -1.19 (0.58), 216 / -0.46 (0.86), 539 / 3.46 (1.10), 216 / 3.05 (1.27), 163 / 3.64 (1.58), 111 / 3.18 (2.19), 59
Blackpoll Warbler (Setophaga striata) / -0.71 (0.34), 412 / -1.04 (0.29), 820 / -1.03 (0.28), 1226 / -0.79 (0.26), 1633 / -0.12 (0.30), 4084 / 0.07 (0.26), 1629 / 0.20 (0.27), 1226 / 0.17 (0.29), 820 / 0.57 (0.30), 413
Yellow-rumped Warbler
(Setophaga coronata) / -0.87 (0.39), 318 / -1.13 (0.35), 634 / -0.98 (0.34), 946 / -0.91 (0.33), 1260 / -0.06 (0.36), 3150 / 0.02 (0.30), 1260 / -0.19 (0.32), 946 / 0.05 (0.34), 632 / 0.11 (0.37), 319
Boreal Chickadee
(Poecile hudsonicus) / 0.14 (1.66), 55 / 0.03 (1.25), 104 / 0.26 (0.99), 155 / 0.25 (0.83), 205 / 0.28 (0.73), 513 / 0.59 (0.72), 205 / 0.61 (0.83), 155 / -0.22 (0.91), 104 / -0.63 (1.02), 55
White-throated Sparrow
(Zonotrichia albicollis) / 0.16 (0.38), 310 / -0.43 (0.35), 611 / -0.43 (0.35), 914 / -0.05 (0.34), 1215 / 0.19 (0.37), 3038 / -0.11 (0.31), 1214 / -0.24 (0.33), 912 / -0.55 (0.33), 611 / -0.68 (0.33), 308
Bicknell’s Thrush (Catharus bicknelli) / -1.09 (0.98), 98 / -0.78 (0.77), 189 / -0.75 (0.66), 282 / 0.31 (0.62), 374 / 0.12 (0.60), 932 / 0.56 (0.52), 374 / 0.55 (0.53), 282 / -0.01 (0.52), 189 / 0.85 (0.72), 93
Dark-eyed Junco
(Junco hyemalis) / -1.88 (0.53), 232 / -1.64 (0.45), 458 / -1.21 (0.42), 684 / -1.05 (0.43), 909 / -0.75 (0.48), 2275 / -0.33 (0.37), 906 / -0.23 (0.39), 684 / -0.23 (0.39), 458 / 0.08 (0.41), 233