Module 2: Life’s Origins
Review Sheet
2.01: Chemistry of Life
1. Describe the structure of a monosaccharide.
2. Describe the structure of a disaccharide.
3. Describe and draw the structure of a nucleotide.
4. Where are nucleic acids found?
5. Describe and draw the structure of an amino acid.
6. How can two molecules with the same chemical formula react differently?
7. Describe the structure of a protein.
8. What is the role of an enzyme in a chemical reaction?
9. What happens to an enzyme once it catalyzes a chemical reaction?
10. What happens to the functionality of a protein if the pH changes?
11. What happens to the functionality of a protein if the temperature changes?
12. What is the relationship between the shape of an enzyme and the reactions they catalyze?
13. How does an enzyme inhibitor work?
2.02: Early Cells
14. What are the 3 parts of the modern day cell theory?
15. What has improved to make scientist better able to understand the cell?
16. What are the contributions of each of these scientists to the cell theory? And how did that information contradict what was believed or accepted at that time?
a. M.J. Schleiden
b. Louis Pasteur
c. Rudolf Virchow
17. Describe and draw the structure of the cell membrane/plasma membrane. Label and describe the functions of the proteins, carbohydrates and cholesterol.
18. What would happen to the cell if the cell membrane was not selectively permeable?
19. Explain passive and active transport across the cell membrane.
20. Describe how proteins are used in active and passive transport. How do they differ?
21. Why does water need a protein channel to move across the cell membrane?
22. What is needed to fuel active transport? Where is this made in the cell?
23. Describe and draw the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. What are the main similarities and differences?
2.03: Cell Structure and Function
24. Describe the structure and function of the nucleus.
25. Describe the structure and function of the cytoplasm.
26. Describe the structure and function of the cytoskeleton.
27. Describe the structure and function of the ribosomes.
28. Describe the structure and function of the endoplasmic reticulum (both rough ER and smooth ER).
29. Describe the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus
30. Describe the structure and function of the lysosome.
31. Why does the lysosome have a different pH than the cytoplasm?
32. Describe the structure and function of the cell wall.
33. Describe the structure and function of the chloroplast.
34. What is the advantage of having several smaller chloroplasts and not just 1 huge one?
35. What are the differences between the plant and animal cells?
2.04: Cellular Energy
36. Describe and draw the structure of an ATP module.
37. What is the role of ATP in the cell?
38. How do cells store for the long term? How is it then broken down to fuel the cells?
39. Describe how food is broken down to make ATP.
2.05: Cellular Respiration
40. Describe the process of cellular respiration. What are the products and the reactants?
41. Describe the process of glycolysis. What part of the cell does this reaction take place in?
42. Describe the Krebs cycle. What part of the cell does this reaction take place in?
43. Describe the electron transport chain. What part of the cells does hit reaction take place in?
44. What molecule stores the energy that is generated during cellular respiration?
45. Describe the process of fermentation.
46. What organisms perform alcoholic fermentation? What organisms perform lactic acid fermentation?
47. If no oxygen is present, what process happens during cellular respiration?
2.06: Introduction to Photosynthesis
48. Describe the process of photosynthesis. What are the products and the reactants?
49. What molecules get recycle to be used again during the process of photosynthesis?
50. How would not having enough water molecules affect the light-dependent reaction in photosynthesis?
51. How does night or darkness affect the light-independent reaction?
52. What is the importance of the concentration differences of Hydrogen ions (H+) inside and outside the thylakoids? What would happen if it was equal and there was no concentration gradient?