MODERN WORLD HISTORY: Prologue - The Rise of Democratic Ideas
* Bold print denotes a term not in the text.
P-1 (A) / P-1 (B) / P-2Government / Socrates / Monotheistic
Monarchy / Socratic method / Polytheistic
Aristocracy / Plato / Hebrews
Oligarchy / The Republic / Torah
Democracy / Aristotle / Abraham
Athens / Legislative / Canaan
Solon / Executive / Judaism
Council of Four Hundred / Judicial / Ten Commandments
Cleisthenes / Latins / Prophets
Council of Five Hundred / Republic / Moses
Persian Wars / Twelve Tables / Exodus
Pericles / Senate / Covenant
Direct democracy / Justinian / Judea
Indirect democracy / Justinian Code / Jesus of Nazareth
Philosophy / The Digest / Christos
Philosophers / The Institutes / Christianity
Logic / The Novellae / Paul
Diaspora
Constantine I
Islam
Muhammad
Allah
Qur'an
Muslims
P-1 (A)
1. ______: a government ruled by a single person called a king/queen, emperor/empress, or czar/czarina.
2. ______: is generally regarded as the founder of democracy in Athens.He worked to make Athens a full democracy by reorganizingthe assembly to balance the power of the rich and poor. Healso increased the power of the assembly by allowing all citizensto submit laws for debate and passage. He also created the Council of Five Hundred.
3. ______: a government ruled by a few powerful people.
4. ______: a government ruled by a small group of noble, land-owning families.
5. ______: strengthened Greek democracy by increasing the number of paid public officials and by paying jurors. In a speech, he expressed his great pride in Athenian democracy whenhe said, “Our constitution is called a democracy because power is in the hands notof a minority but of the whole people.”
6. ______: the largest and most powerful city-state to emerge in Ancient Greece.
7. ______: rule by the people.
8. ______: a form of government in which citizens rule and make laws directly rather than through representatives.
9. ______: a system for controlling the society.
10. ______: proposed laws and counseled the assembly. Its members were chosen at random from among the citizens.
11. ______: prepared business for the already existing council.
12. ______: is known as one of the Seven Wise Men of Greece. He began aseries of political reforms that greatlyincreased citizen participation inAthenian government. He establishedfour classes of citizenship based on wealth rather thanheredity. Hisreforms, unfortunately, did not pleaseeither the wealthy or the poor.
13. ______: During 490 to 479 B.C., when the Greeks fought Persian invaders who were attempting toconquer Greece. The Greek city-states fought side by side as allies and defeated the invading forces.
14.Logic:is concerned with what is true and how we can know whether something is true; reasoned thought.
15. Indirect democracy: term describing a means of governance by the people through elected representatives. It is also known as a “republic.”
16. Philosophy: Greek for "love of wisdom. It is the rational investigation of questions about existence, knowledge and ethics; any personal belief about how to live or how to deal with a situation.
17. Philosophers: Great thinkers who used logic and reason to investigate the nature of theuniverse, human society, and morality.
P-1 (B)
1. ______: carries out laws.
2. ______: one oftwo assemblies in the Ancient Athenian government. This house was made up of Patricians who controlled foreignand financial policies, and advised the consuls.
3. ______: part of the Justinian Code that was a summary of legal opinions.
4. ______: Socrates’ greatestpupil who wroteThe Republic.
5. ______: settles disputes about the laws.
6. ______: Plato’s student who examined the nature of the worldand of human belief, thought, and knowledge.
7. ______: In451 B.C., a group of ten officials wrote downlaws for the first time in Roman history. These established the idea that all free citizens had the right to protectionof the law and that laws would be fairly administered.
8. ______: part of the Justinian Code that served as a textbook for lawstudents.
9. ______: was the first of the great Greek philosophers. He encouragedhis students to examine their most closely held beliefs.
10. ______: a form of government in which power rests with citizens who have the right to elect the leaders who makegovernmental decisions. It is also called an indirect democracy.
11. ______: passes laws.
12. ______: Plato’s book which was his vision of a perfectly governed society. He wanted society governed not by the richestand most powerful but by the wisest, who he called philosopher-kings.
13. ______: In A.D. 528, nearly 1,000 years after the Twelve Tables, this Roman emperor ordered the compilationof all Roman laws since the earlier code.
14. ______: a question-and-answer approach.
15. ______: part of the Justinian Code that contained all Roman laws passed after 534.
16. ______: the earliest Romans.
17. ______: this contained nearly 5,000 Roman laws, and laterbecame a guide on legal matters throughout Western Europe.
P-2
1. ______: the religion of the Hebrews (and modern Jews) that believes in one God, that human beings are created in God’s image, a person is responsible for his/her actions because God gave people the ability to choose between good and evil, and are awaiting the coming of the messiah.
2. ______: The prophet of Islam who emphasized the dignity of all human beings and the brotherhood of all people.
3. ______: the “father” of the Hebrew people chosen by God.
4. ______: is a Greek word meaning “messiah” or “savior.”
5. ______: Followers of Islam who are required by their religion to offer charity and help to those in need.
6. ______: the name for the Jews in the ancient world.
7. ______: was born around 6 to 4 B.C. His preaching contained many ideas from Jewish tradition, such as monotheism and the principles of the Ten Commandments. He emphasized God’s personal relationship to each human being. His ideas went beyond traditional morality. He stressed the importance of people’s love for God, their neighbors, their enemies, and themselves. Christians believe him to be the savior.
8. ______: Another monotheistic religion that taught equality of all persons and individual worth also developed in southwest Asia in the early 600s. It was based on the teachings of the Muhammad.
9. ______: the name of the religion founded by Jesus of Nazareth.
10. ______: the first five book of the Hebrew Bible. It is also called the Pentateuch.
11. ______: Arabic for “God.”
12. ______: orders or laws given by God to Moses on Mount Sinai. These orders serve as the basis for Jewish laws.
13. ______: the apostle who had enormous influence on Christianity’s development.
He stressed that Jesus was the son of God and that he had died for people’s sins. He declared that
Christianity was a universal religion. It should welcome all converts, Jew and non- Jew. He stressed the essential equality of all human beings, a belief central to Christianity and democracy.
14. ______: leaders and teachers who were believed by the Jews to be messengers from God.
15. ______: an area of ancient Palestine.
16. ______: was when the Jews began to rebel against the Romans in the first century, they were exiled from their homeland in A.D. 70. The Jews then fled to many parts of the world, where they shared their beliefs that all people had the right to be treated with justice and dignity.
17. ______: the homeland of the Jews around 63 B.C.
18. ______: the holy book of Islam.
19. Monotheistic: the belief in one god/goddess.
20. Polytheistic: the belief in many gods/goddesses.
21. Moses: is considered by many to be the greatest figure in Jewish history. He is believed to have been a diplomat, lawmaker, political organizer, a judge, military leader as well as a religious one. He received the commandments on Mount Sinai, led the Exodus.
22. Exodus:the liberation of the Hebrews from slavery in Egypt.
23. Covenant: an agreement between a religious group, or an individual, and God.
24. Constantine: Roman emperor who took a favorable view toward Christianity. He believed that the Christian God had helped him conqueror his rivals. He publicly converted to Christianity, and put an end to the Roman persecution of Christians. By 380, Christianity was the official religion of the Roman Empire.
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