Modelo De Naciones Unidas Del Santiago Christian School

Modelo de Naciones Unidas del Santiago Christian School

(SCSMUN 2016)

Santiago de los Caballeros, República Dominicana

11 y 12 de marzo del 2016

Security Council

(SC)

On behalf of the Santiago Christian School and the Secretariat of this second edition of the Santiago Christian School Model United Nations (SCSMUN), we welcome you the United Nations Security Council. We want to congratulate you for choosing one of the toughest committees of the United Nations and becoming a high-level ambassador of the United Nations. By joining the Security Council, you will have the opportunity to debate some of the most delicate, controversial, and dangerous situations that could affect our daily lives and the well-being of the International Community

Your Dais will be comprised of Daniel Pappaterra, who will serve as President, and Nathan Cheung, who will serve as Vice-President.

Security Council

The Security Council is one of the six principle organisms of the United Nations (UN). According to article 24 of the United Nations’ Charter, the primary responsibility of the Security Council is to maintain international peace and security. It was established on January 17, 1946 with the function of promoting international peace in the aftermath of World War II. The Security Council is one of the most active organisms in the United Nations; its power include the creation of operations to maintain peace, create international sanctions, authorize military action, and create resolutions in which members must follow. The Peacekeepers and the members’ volunteers are the ones that enforce these resolutions. The Security Council is composed of fifteen members. The five permanent are the Russian Federation, The United Kingdom, France, China, and the United States. The permanent members all have veto power, while the other ten all have two year terms. The current ten other members are Angola, Chad, Chile, Jordan, Lithuania, Malaysia, New Zealand, Nigeria, Spain, and Venezuela.

The topics to be discussed in this committee will be:

•The Situation in Sudan

•Non-Proliferation: North Korea

If at any point of your research you wish to contact any member of the Dais, you may reach us at these emails: , .

The Situation in Sudan

The Sudanese problematic has its roots during the colonial Anglo-Egyptian era. During this period, Sudan was divided in two parts, Muslims in the north and Christians in the south. These cultural and religious difference lead to problems in 1947 when the two regions were unified. Nine years after the unification, Sudan was granted its independence leading to territorial conflicts. In 1955, along with a change in mandate, was the first civil war. This war ended in 1972 with the negotiations taking place between the two regions in Sudan.

This agreement granted autonomy in south Sudan, but when the large quantities of oil that existed within the region was discovered, the negotiations were cancelled. This, in conjunction with the implementation of Islamic laws in all of Sudan, lead to a second civil war. This precarious situation of governmental change, treaty violations continued until the 2000’s when Sudan received a pension from the international community, especially the United States. With the support of the international community, the civil war finally ended and South Sudan achieved its own independence.

Being the most recently establish country establish in the world, it is hoped that South Sudan can embark on a pace of rapid growth and development, but that is not what is actually happening. Ever since its independence, this country has suffered great humanitarian crisis which seems to be only growing despite all the efforts and support offered by the United Nations and the other diverse organizations. These political conflicts have caused an enormous quantities of displacement within the population, an uncontrollable wave of violence, and a lack of food.

Considering all the aforementioned problems, more than 5 million people are in need of help, since 1 in every 5 people in South Sudan have been displaced. Among these people, 2.3 million people have been forced to flee from their homes, while 777,000 have fled the country in search of security.

Because of the dangers coursing through the South Sudanese population, the children have been deprived of their basic human rights, mainly the right to education and proper nutrition. In spite of the vast provisions provided by the international community, 4 million of South Sudanese population live in extreme hunger. The market and the agriculture have been destroyed by the continuous violence, causing family to progressively have less.

Multiple citizens of this young country claim that their hard work to achieve a proper life ever since the independence in 2011 have all been in vain. The desire to live in peace, tranquility, and security remain with these people after years of being refugees, along with the yearning that their kids do not have to live through what they did.

Almost 800,000 people have managed to escape and take refuge in neighboring countries, such as Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda. In addition, the UN has created refugee camps where protection is provided to anyone suffering because of the situation. Other families reside in the outskirts of these camps, wherein they are at least able to flee and avoid areas in which violence is more prominent.

Diseases has also taken an important role in the development of this dire situation. Transmittable diseases and viruses such as malaria and cholera spread easily in areas with bad hygiene. The malnutrition, contaminated water, and weak immune systems lead to a higher risk of infection, which worsens hopes of life throughout the entire population.

Considering all the aforementioned and the hope to resolve the situation, the UN created United Nations Assistance Mission in the Republic of South Sudan, UNMISS, on July 8th, 2011 with the Security Council resolution S/RES/1996(2011). This resolution was adopted after the UN recognized the situation in South Sudan as a threat to the peace and security in the region, with the purpose of establishing conditions to development this same country. After the crisis in December 2013, the Security Council reinforced the UNMISS and focused on the protection of the citizens, control of basic human rights, and humanitarian assistance.

Recommendations

1. Further along your investigation to add to this guide, as it only contains the basics and there is much more information about the actual situation.

1. Answer the questions posed in this guide to be well prepared for your first work session.

1. Read all the past resolutions (both passed and rejected) related to South Sudan’s
   situation to avoid repeating clauses previously stated in passed resolutions and reuse
   clauses from failed resolutions.

1. Understand all there is to know about UNMISS, since it is the UN’s team dedicated
   specifically to this crisis. You may choose to use it as a tool in your resolution.

1. Familiarize yourself with the South Sudan Constitution to avoid violating its constitution.

Questions to Consider

1. What are the different functions of the UNMISS and what has it done to improve the situation?

1. As a delegate, of all the problems in South Sudan, which one affects the population the most?

1. Why the situation in South Sudan is considered a threat to the peace and security of the region?

1. How could the situation worsen if it is not treated properly?

1. Which documents or other elements must be considered before proposing a solution?

1. What must be done if we wish to establish a lasting government?

Non-Proliferation: NorthKorea

The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a communist state located on the Korean Peninsula, whose nuclear program has gained momentum and gathered the attention of the international community due to its recent developments and its threat to international peace and security. North Korea began its nuclear program in the 1950s, when then leader Kim Il-Sung established the Atomic Energy Research Institute, and signed a joint agreement with the Soviet Union to help establish a nuclear complex and train scientists and technicians.

In 1983 the DPRK signed the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and agreed to stop the development of nuclear weapons. But later, in 1993 the country’s authority denied a committee from the International Atomic Energy Agency permission (IAEA) of inspecting its nuclear waste deposits. The IAEA then asked the Security Council to authorize ad hoc inspections of said nuclear deposits. As a reaction to this threat, the DPRK threatened to withdraw from the NPT. To prevent this the United States signed an agreement with North Korea where it pledged to freeze and dismantle its nuclear weapons.

Things started to go sour in 2003 when the country withdrew from the Non-Proliferation Treaty, reactivated its nuclear facilities, and by April declared possession of nuclear weapons. As the years went by the DPRK slowly continued to evolve its nuclear program. As countermeasures to try and slowdown, and hopefully stop the development of said weapons, the Security Council passed various resolutions between 2006 and 2010, but unfortunately, North Korea rejected these resolutions and continued to develop such weapons.

Seeing that North Korea would not back down, the UN started placing sanctions to restrain them from getting the materials required to make nuclear weapons, but they managed to develop their nuclear weapons with no sign of backing down.

In 2013 it declared that the United States was it sworn enemy and started aiming its missiles towards it. On February of the same year it conducted its first nuclear test under new Supreme Leader, Kim Jong-Un. Throughout 2014 and 2015 North Korea continued to develop its nuclear program and in December of last year it announced that it had developed a Hydrogen bomb (which can be more powerful than an atomic bomb).

In early 2016, the DPRK shook the world when it announced that it had successfully tested a Hydrogen bomb, placing the small country on the nuclear watch list of many countries (including the United States and Russia) as a potential threat to international peace and security.

As mentioned before, the Security Council has passed various resolutions where it has requested the DPRK to stop the development of its nuclear weapons, ranging from enriching uranium to creating ballistic missiles. Those resolutions have all been dismissed by the DPRK.

Recommendations

As part of your preparation for this topic, the dais recommends that you continue analyzing North Korea’s nuclear program and how it could be a potential threat to international peace and security. It also recommends the reading of the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty. Your goal as delegates of the United Nations Security must be to reach a consensus with the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea for it to reduce their nuclear arsenal and lead them to resigning the Non-Proliferation Treaty.

Questions to Answer

•How can we make North Korea accept the resolutions passed in this committee?

•What other things, not mentioned on this guide, has North Korea done regarding its Nuclear Program?

•What has the Security Council done to reduce the nuclear threat of North Korea?

•What is the biggest threat presented by the development of nuclear weapons in North Korea?

Bibliography

"North Korea Nuclear Timeline Fast Facts - CNN.com." <i>CNN</i>. Cable News Network, 7 Feb. 2016. Web. 13 Feb. 2016.

"Profile for North Korea." <i>NTI: Nuclear Threat Initiative</i>. Nuclear Threat Initiative, Jan. 2016. Web. 13 Feb. 2016.

"Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons." <iRecueil Des Cours, Collected Courses, Volume 321 (2007)</i> (2010): 1-32. <i>Department of State</i>. Department of State, 2010. Web. 13 Feb. 2016.

"Sudan: Conflict Profile." <i>Insight on Conflict</i>. Peace Direct, Apr. 2015. Web. &lt;

"Quick Facts: What You Need to Know about the South Sudan Crisis." <i>Mercy Corps</i>. Mercy Corps, 02 Jan. 2016. Web. 21 Feb. 2016. &lt;