The International Research Foundation
for English Language Education
MOBILE-ASSISTED LANGUAGE LEARNING: SELECTED REFERENCES
(last updated 22 February 2014)
Abdous, M., Camarena, M. M., & Facer, B. R. (2009). MALL technology: Use of academic podcasting in the foreign language classroom. ReCALL, 21(1), 76–95.
Al-Mekhlafi, K., Hu, X., & Zheng, Z. (2009). An approach to context-aware mobile Chinese language learning for foreign students. 2009 Eighth International Conference on Mobile Business, 340–346.
Ala-Mutka, K. (2010). Learning in informal online networks and communities. 2010 Joint Research Centre JRC European Commission, 1–79. Retrieved from
Alabbadi, M. M. (2007). Learner’s acceptance based on Shackell’s usability model for supplementary mobile learning of an English course. Science and Technology, 121–128.
Alexander, B. (2004). Going nomadic: Mobile learning in higher education. Educause Review, 39(5), 28–35. Retrieved from
Anaraki, F. B. (2009). A flash-based mobile learning system for learning English as second language. 2009 International Conference on Computer Engineering and Technology, 400–404.
Angel, J. (2011). Tablet computers in the ESL classroom: Unlimited possibilities. JALT - The Language Teacher, 35(5). Retrieved from
Arrigo, M., Kukulska-Hulme, A., Arnedillo-Sánchez, I., & Kismihok, G. (2012). Meta-analyses from a collaborative project in mobile lifelong learning. British Educational Research Journal, 1–26.
Attewell, J., & Savill-Smith, C. (Eds.). (2004), Mobile learning anytime everywhere. London: Learning Skills and Development Agency.
Bahrani, T. (2011). Mobile phones: Just a phone or a language learning device ? Cross-Cultural Communication, 7(2), 244–248.
Ballance, O. J. (2012). Mobile language learning: More than just “the platform” (A commentary on Glenn Stockwell’s “Using Mobile Phones for Vocabulary Activities: Examining the Effect of the Platform”). Language Learning & Technology, 16(3), 21–23. Retrieved from
Baron, N. (2010). Always on: Language in an online and mobile world. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Baron, N. S. (2010). Review of “always on”: Language in an online and mobile world. Language Learning & Technology, 14(3), 19–22. Retrieved from
Başoğlu, E. B. (2010). A comparison of undergraduate students’ English vocabulary learning: Using mobile phones and flash cards.Educational Technology, 9(3), 1–7.
Beaudin, J. S., Intille, S. S., Tapia, E. M., Rockinson, R., & Morris, M. E. (2007). Context-sensitive microlearning of foreign language vocabulary on a mobile device. Ambient Intelligence, 55–72. Retrieved from
Benta, K., Cremene, M. & Padurian, R. (2004). Multimedia m-learning using mobile phones. In J. Attewell & C. Savill-Smith (Eds.), Mobile learning anytime everywhere(pp. 27–29). London: Learning Skills and Development Agency.
Bo-Kristensen, M., Ankerstjerne, N. O., Neutzsky-Wulff, C., & Schelde, H. (2009). Mobile City and language guides–New links between formal and informal learning environments. Electronic Journal of eLearning, 7(2), 8. Retrieved from
Cavus, N., & Ibrahim, D. (2009). m-Learning: An experiment in using SMS to support learning new English language words. British Journal of Educational Technology, 40(1), 78–91.
Chamberlin-Quinlisk, C. (2012). TESOL and media education: Navigating our screen-saturated worlds. TESOL Quarterly, 46(1), 152–164.
Che, P.-C., Lin, H.-Y., Jang, H.-C., Lien, Y.-N., & Tsai, T.-C. (2009). A study of English mobile learning applications at National Chengchi University. International Journal of Distance Education Technologies, 7(4), 38–60. Retrieved from
Chen, C., & Chung, C. (2008). Personalized mobile English vocabulary learning system based on item response theory and learning memory cycle. Computers & Education, 51(2), 624–645.
Chen, C.M., & Hsu, S.H. (2008). Personalized intelligent mobile learning system for supporting effective English learning. Educational Technology & Society, 11(3), 153–180. Retrieved from
Chen, N.S., & Hsieh, S.W. (2008). Effects of short-term memory and content representation type on mobile language learning. Language, Learning & Technology, 12(3), 93–133. Retrieved from
Cheng, S. C., Hwang, W. Y., Wu, S. Y., Shadiev, R., & Xie, C. H. (2010). A mobile device and online system with contextual familiarity and its effects on English learning on campus. Learning, 13(3), 93–109.
Chinnery, G. M. (2006). Emerging technologies - going to the MALL: Mobile assisted language learning. Language Learning & Technology, 10(1), 9–16. Retrieved from
Cho, M. Y., & Reinders, H. (2010). Extensive listening practice and input enhancement using mobile phones: Encouraging out-of-class learning with mobile phones. TESL-EJ, 14(2), 1–7. Retrieved from
Cho, S. J., Kim, J., & Lee, S. (2004). Mobile computer-assisted language learning courseware for Korean language learners. Web Information Systems Wise 2004 Workshops Proceedings, 3307, 173–178).
Chun, D., & Tsui, E. (2010). A reflection of the state of mobile learning in Asia and a conceptual framework.Learning, 369–372. Retrieved from
Collins, T. G. (2005). English class on the air: Mobile language learning with cell phones. Fifth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies ICALT05, 402–403.
Comas-Quinn, A., Mardomingo, R., & Valentine, C. (2009). Mobile blogs in language learning: Making the most of informal and situated learning opportunities. ReCALL, 21(1), 96.
Cooney, G., & Keogh, K. A. (n.d.). Use of mobile phones for language learning and assessment for learning, a pilot project. Retrieved from
Crompton, H., Goodhand, L., & Wells, S. (2011, February). The whole world in their hands. Learning & Leading with Technology, 38(5), 16–19. Retrieved from
Crystal, D. (2008). Texting. ELT Journal, 62(1), 77–83.
Cui, G., & Wang, S. (2008). Adopting cell phones in EFL teaching and learning. Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange, 1(1), 69–80. Retrieved from
Cui, Y, & Bull, S. (2005). Context and learner modeling for the mobile foreign language learner. System, 33(2), 353–367.
Decker, J. B. (2012-2013). A second look at mobile technology in the classroom: Don’t ban it. Use it! The CATESOL Journal, 24(1), 316-326.
Demouy, V., & Kukulska-Hulme, A. (2010). On the spot: Using mobile devices for listening and speaking practice on a French language programme. Open Learning: The Journal of Open and Distance Learning, 25(3), 217–232.
Díaz-Vera, J. E. (Ed.). (2012). Left to my own devices: Learner autonomy and mobile assisted language learning. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing.
Drury, E. (2012, September 10). Mobile phones in the classroom: Teachers share their tips. The Guardian - Education. London. Retrieved from
Edge, D., Searle, E., Chiu, K., Zhao, J., & Landay, J. A. (2011). MicroMandarin: Mobile language learning in context. CHI 2011 (pp. 3169–3178). New York: ACM. Retrieved from
Edirisingha, P., Rizzi, C., Nie, M., & Rothwell, L. (2007). Podcasting to provide teaching and learning support for an undergraduate module on English language and communication. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 8(3), 87–107. Retrieved from
Fallahkhair, S., Pemberton, L., & Griffiths, R. (2005). Dual device user interface design for ubiquitous language learning: Mobile phone and interactive television (iTV). Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Technology in Education (WMTE), pp. 85-92.
Fallahkhair, S., Pemberton, L., & Griffiths, R. (2007). Development of a cross-platform ubiquitous language learning service via mobile phone and interactive television. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 23(4), 312–325.
Fotouhi-Ghazvini, F, Earnshaw, R. A., & Haji-Esmaeili, L. (2009). Mobile assisted language learning in a developing country context. 2009 International Conference on CyberWorlds, 391–397. Washington, DC: IEEE Computer Society.
Fotouhi-Ghazvini, Faranak, Earnshaw, R., Robison, D., & Excell, P. (2009). The MOBO city: A mobile game package for technical language learning. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies,3(2), 19–24.
Frohberg, D., Göth, C., & Schwabe, G. (2009). Mobile learning projects: A critical analysis of the state of the art. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 25(4), 307–331.
Gagnon, D. J. (2010). Mobile learning environments. Educause Review Online. Retrieved from
Gilgen, R. (2005). Holding the world in your hand: Creating a mobile language learning environment. EDUCAUSE Quarterly, 28(3), 30–39. Retrieved from
Gimenez López, J. L., Magal Royo, T., Laborda, J. G., & Garde Calvo, F. (2009). Methods of adapting digital content for the learning process via mobile devices. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1(1), 2673–2677.
Godwin-Jones, R. (2008). Mobile-computing trends: Lighter, faster, smarter. Language, Learning & Technology, 12(3), 3–9. Retrieved from
Godwin-Jones, R. (2011). Mobile apps for language learning. Language Learning & Technology, 15(2), 2–11. Retrieved from
Godwin-Jones, R. (2010). Emerging technologies: Literacies and technologies revisited. Language Learning & Technology, 14(3), 2–9. Retrieved from
Grimes, A., Kantroo, V., & Grinter, R. E. (2010). Let’s play! Mobile health games for adults. Technology, 241–250. Retrieved from
Hahharainen, A. ( 2007). Do it yourself camera & mobile phone projects. New York: McGraw Hill.
Hahn, J. (2008). Mobile learning for the twenty-first century librarian. Reference Services Review, 36(3), 272–288.
Hashemi, M., & Ghasemi, B. (2011). Using mobile phones in language learning / teaching. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 2947–2951.
Hockly, N. (2013). Moving with the times: Mobile literacy and ELT. In T. Pattison (Ed.), IATEFL 2013: Liverpool conference selections (pp. 170-171). Faversham, Kent, UK: IATEFL.
Holden, C. L., & Sykes, J. M. (2011). Leveraging mobile games for place-based language learning. International Journal of GameBased Learning, 1(2), 1–18. Retrieved from
Huang, Y., Jeng, Y., & Huang, T. (2009). An educational mobile blogging system for supporting collaborative learning. System, 12(2), 163–175. Retrieved from
Humblet, C. E. (2010). Integrating off-the-shelf language learning podcasts into the curriculum: a typology for digital wisdom. In Z. Abas (Ed.), Proceedings of Global Learn Asia Pacific 2010 (pp. 320–325). Chesapeake, VA: AACE.
Ito, M. (2004). Personal portable pedestrian: Lessons from Japanese mobile phone use. In S. Kim (Ed.), Proceedings of the Conference ‘Mobile Communication and Social Change October 1819 Seoul Korea (pp. 1–6). Retrieved from
Jong, T. D., Specht, M., & Koper, R. (2010). A study of contextualised mobile information delivery for language learning. Educational Technology, 4522(40), 1–17.
Joseph, S. R. H., & Uther, M. (2009). Mobile devices for language learning: Multimedia approaches. Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, 4(1), 7–32.
Kadyte, V. (2003). Learning can happen anywhere: A mobile system for language learning. In J. Attewell & C. Savill-Smith(Eds.),Learning with mobile devices research and development Proc MLEARN 2003(pp. 73-78). London: Learning and Skills Development Agency.
Kennedy, I., Fallahkhair, S., Rossano, V., Trifonova, A., Grasso, A. , Graf, S. Ziswiler, J., & Fraser, R. (2004). Simple web-based adaptive learning technology. Journal of Educational Technology and Society, 6(4), 78-83.
Kennedy, C., & Levy, M. (2008). L’italiano al telefonino: Using SMS to support beginners' language learning. ReCALL, 20(03), 315–330.
Kim, D., Rueckert, D., Kim, D-J., & Seo, D. Students' perceptions and experiences of mobile learning. Language Learning and Technology, 17 (3), 52-73. Retrieved from
Kinsella, S. (2009). Many to one: Using the mobile phone to interact with large classes. British Journal of Educational Technology, 40(5), 956–958.
Kondo, M., Ishikawa, Y., Smith, C., Sakamoto, K., & Shimomura, H. (2012). Mobile assisted language learning in university EFL courses in Japan: Developing attitudes and skills for self-regulated learning. ReCALL: Journal of EUROCALL, 24(2), 169–187.
Kukulska-Hulme, A. (2005). Mobile usability and user experience. In A. Kukulska-Hulme J. Traxler (Eds.), Mobile learning: A handbook for educators and trainers,open and flexible learning(pp. 7–18). London, UK: Routledge.
Kukulska-Hulme, A. (2006). Mobile language learning now and in the future. In P. Svensson (Ed.), From vision to practice language learning and IT (pp. 295-310). Härnösand, Sweden: Swedish Net University.
Kukulska-Hulme, A. (2009). Will mobile learning change language learning? ReCALL: Journal of EUROCALL, 21(2), 157–165.
Kukulska-Hulme, A. (2010). Charting unknown territory: Models of participation in mobile language learning. International Journal of Mobile Learning and Organisation, 4(2), 116–129.
Kukulska-Hulme, A. (2010). Learning cultures on the move: Where are we heading? Educational Technology & Society, 13(4), 4–14.
Kukulska-Hulme, A. (2010). Mobile learning as a catalyst for change. Open Learning: The Journal of Open and Distance Learning, 25(3), 181–185.
Kukulska-Hulme, A. (2011). Learning a language from your mobile phone - a good idea? In 2011 Cambridge International Development report:ICT4D (Ed.), Upgrading development: Can technology alleviate poverty? (p. 28). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Retrieved from
Kukulska-Hulme, A. (2012). Language learning defined by time and place: A framework for next generation designs. In J. E. Díaz-Vera (Ed.), Left to my own devices: Learner autonomy and mobile assisted language learning (pp. 1–13). Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing.
Kukulska-Hulme, A. (2012) Prospects for inclusive mobile learning. In M. Allegra, M. Arrigo, V. Dal Grande, P. Denaro, D. La Guardia, S. Ottaviano, & G. Todaro (Eds.),Mobile learning for visually impaired people (pp. 13–25). Palermo, Italy: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per le Tecnologie Didattiche.
Kukulska-Hulme, A., & Bull, S. (2009). Theory-based support for mobile language learning: Noticing and recording. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies iJIM, 3(2), 12–18. .
Kukulska-Hulme, A., Pettit, J., Bradley, L., Carvalho, A. A., Herrington, A., Kennedy, D. M., & Walker, A. (2009). Mature students using mobile devices in life and learning. International Journal of Mobile and Blended Learning, 3(1), 18–52.
Kukulska-Hulme, A., Sharples, M., Milrad, M., Arnedillo-Sánchez, I. & Vavoula, G. (2009) Innovation in Mobile Learning: A European perspective. International Journal of Mobile and Blended Learning, 1(1), 13-35.
Kukulska-Hulme, A, & Shield, L. (2007). An overview of mobile assisted language learning: Can mobile devices support collaborative practice in speaking and listening ? ReCALL, 20(3), 1–20.
Kukulska-Hulme, A., & Shield, L. (2008). An overview of mobile assisted language learning: From content delivery to supported collaboration and interaction. ReCALL, 20(3), 271–289.
Kukulska-Hulme, A., & Traxler, J. (Eds.). (2005). Mobile learning: A handbook for educators and trainers. London, UK: Routledge.
Kukulska-Hulme, A., & Wible, D. (2008). Context at the crossroads of language learning and mobile learning. ICCE 2008 Workshop Proceedings, 27–31. October 2008, Taiwan. Retrieved from
Levy, M., & Kennedy, C. (2005). Learning Italian via mobile SMS. In A Kukulska-Hulme & J. Traxler (Eds.), Mobile learning: A handbook for educators and trainers (pp. 76-83). London, UK: Routledge.
Levy, M., & Kennedy, C. (2010). Materials development in three Italian CALL projects: Seeking an optimal mix between in-class and out-of-class learning. CALICO Journal, 27(3), 529–539.
Lin, N., Kajita, S., & Mase, K. (2008). Mobile user behavior and attitudes during story-based kanji learning. JALT CALL Journal, 4(1), 3–18. Retrieved from
Lin, Y.T., Huang, Y.M., & Tan, Q. (2010). Location-based and knowledge-oriented microblogging for mobile learning – Framework, architecture, and system. In U. Hoppe, R. Pea, & C. C. Liu (Eds.), Proceedings of the 6th IEEE International Conference on wireless, mobile and ubiquitous technologies in education (pp.146-150). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society.
Liu, J., Yu, S., & Ran, M. (2008). Research on the communicative mobile English learning model. In S. Yu & M. Ran (Eds.) IEEE International Conference on wireless mobile and ubiquitous technology in education(pp. 60-64). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society.
Liu, T.-Y., Tan, T.-H., & Chu, Y.-L. (2010). QR code and augmented reality-supported mobile English learning system. In X. Jiang, M. Y. Ma, & C. W. Chen (Eds.), Mobile multimedia processing. Lecture notes in computer science(pp. 37–52). Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
Liu, X. (2009). EL&ML: Applied Research on the Mobile Learning in Foreign Language Learning. In2009 Second International Conference on Education Technology and Training, (pp. 309–312). December 13-14, 2009, Sanya, China. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society.
Liu, T. C., Wang, H. Y., Liang, J. K., Chan, T. W., Ko, H. W., & Yang, J. C. (2003). Wireless & mobile technologies to enhance teaching & learning. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 19(3), 371–382.
Lomicka, L., & Ducate, L. (2013). Going mobile: Language learning with an ipod touch in intermediate French and German classes. Foreign Language Annals, 46 (3), 445 – 468.
Looi, C.K., Seow, P., Zhang, B., So, H.J., Chen, W., & Wong, L.-H. (2010). Leveraging mobile technology for sustainable seamless learning: A research agenda. British Journal of Educational Technology, 41(2), 154–169.
Looi, C.K., Wong, L.H., So, H.J., Seow, P., Toh, Y., Chen, W., Zhang, B. (2009). Anatomy of a mobilized lesson: Learning my way. Computers & Education, 53(4), 1120–1132.
Lu, M. (2008). Effectiveness of vocabulary learning via mobile phone. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 24(6), 515–525.
Luckin, R., Du Boulay, B., Smith, H., Underwood, J., Fitzpatrick, G., Holmberg, J., Kerawalla, L. (2005). Using mobile technology to create flexible learning contexts. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, 2005(22), 1–21. Retrieved from
McLeod, S., & Lehmann, C. (2011). What school leaders need to know about digital technologies and social media. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Meurant, R. C. (2006). Cell phones in the L2 classroom: Thumbs up to SMS. In G. Lee, D. Slezak, T-H. Kim, P. Sloot, H-K. Kim, I. S. Ko, & M. Sczcuka (Eds.), International Conference onHybrid Information Technology 2006 ICHIT06(pp. 127-134). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society.
Meyer, B., & Bo-Kristensen, M. (1990). Designing location aware games for mobile language learning. In A. Méndez-Vilas, A. Solano Martín, J. A. Mesa González, & J. Mesa González(Eds.), Research, reflections, and innovations in integrating ICT in education language (Vol. 2, pp. 1086–1090). Badajoz, Spain: FORMATEX
Mills, K., & Thomas, R. (2008). Mobile digiquest: Developing rich media reflective practitioners. Handheld Learning 2008. October 13-15, 2008, The Brewery, Barbican, London, EC1.
Montero Perez, M., Cornillie, F., Senecaut, M.-P., De Wannemacker, S., & Desmet, P. (2011). Mobile vocabulary learning: Activities allowing for interaction through input enhancement. In S. De Wannemacker, G. Clarebout & P. De Causmaecker (Eds.), ITEC2010 CCIS 126 (pp. 15–27).Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
Motiwalla, L. F. (2007). Mobile learning: A framework and evaluation. Computers & Education, 49(3), 581–596.
Munteanu, C., Lumsden, J., Leung, R., Mcdonald, D., & Maitland, J. (2010). ALEX : Mobile language assistant for low-literacy adults. Literacy, 427–430. Retrieved from
Nah, K C. (2011). Optimizing the use of wireless application protocol (WAP) sites for listening activities in a Korean English as a foreign language (EFL) context. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 24(2), 103–116.
Nah, K. C., White, P., & Sussex, R. (2008). The potential of using a mobile phone to access the Internet for learning EFL listening skills within a Korean context. ReCALL, 20(03), 331–347.
Ogata, H., Wada, M., Ueda, T., & Oishi, Y. (2008). Mobile Japanese-language learning system for overseas Students. Computer, (2), 220–228.
Park, Y. (2011). A pedagogical framework for mobile learning: Categorizing educational applications of mobile technologies into four types. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 12(2), 78–102. Retrieved from
Parnham, J. (2013). Implementing iPads in the classroom: A project in Hong Kong. In T. Pattison (Ed.), IATEFL 2013: Liverpool conference selections (pp. 174-176). Faversham, Kent, UK: IATEFL.
Pemberton, L., Winter, M. and Fallahkhair, S. (2010). Collaborative mobile knowledge sharing for language learners. Journal of the Research Centre for Educational Technology (RCET), 6 (1), 144-148.
Pemberton, L., & S. Fallahkhair, S. (2008). Interactive television as a vehicle for language learning. In G., Lakakos, K. Chorianopoulos, & G. Doukidis, (Eds.). Interactive digital television technologies and applications (pp. 19-32). New York: IGI Publishing.
Pemberton, L., S. Fallahkhair, S., &J. Masthoff. (2005). Learner centred development of cross platform language learning support system.Journal of Educational Technology and Society, 8(4), 52-63.
Petersen, S. A., Divitini, M., & Chabert, G. (2008). Identity, sense of community and connectedness in a community of mobile language learners. ReCALL, 20(03), 361–379.
Pettit, J., & Kukulska-Hulme, A. (2011) Mobile 2.0: Crossing the border into formal learning? In M. J. W. Lee & C. McLoughlin (Eds.), Web 2.0-based E-learning: Applying social informatics for tertiary teaching (pp. 192-208). Information Science Reference. HersheyPA: IGI Global.
Ros i Solé, C., Calic, J., & Neijmann, D. (2010). A social and self-reflective approach to MALL. ReCALL: Journal of EUROCALL, 22(1), 39–52.
Sad, S. N. (2008). Using mobile phone technology in EFL classes. English Teaching Forum, (4), 34–40.
Sandberg, J., Maris, M., & De Geus, K. (2011). Mobile English learning: An evidence-based study with fifth graders. Computers & Education, 57(1), 1334–1347.
Shohel, M. M. C., & Power, T. (2010). Introducing mobile technology for enhancing teaching and learning in Bangladesh: teacher perspectives. Open Learning The Journal of Open and Distance Learning, 25(3), 201–215. Retrieved from
Simpson, J., Badger, R., Bhattacharya, A., & Shah, S. (2013). Mobigam: Language on the move in Gujarat. In T. Pattison (Ed.), IATEFL 2013: Liverpool conference selections (pp. 178-179). Faversham, Kent, UK: IATEFL.
Song, Y., & Fox, R. (2008). Using PDA for undergraduate student incidental vocabulary testing. ReCALL, 20(03), 290–314.
Squire, K. D., & Jan, M. (2007). Mad city mystery: Developing scientific argumentation skills with a place-based augmented reality game on handheld computers. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 16(1), 1–25.
Stefani, L. (2007). Casting the learning net: The use of iPods in learning and teaching. Dissertation Abstracts International. A, The Humanities and Social Sciences, 68(8.1), 16–18.
Stockwell, G. (2007). Vocabulary on the move: Investigating an intelligent mobile phone-based vocabulary tutor. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 20(4), 365–383.
Stockwell, G. (2008). Investigating learner preparedness for and usage patterns of mobile learning. ReCALL, 20(3), 253–270.
Stockwell, G. (2010). Using mobile phones for vocabulary activities: Examining the effect of the platform. Language Learning & Technology, 14(2), 95–110. Retrieved from
Stockwell, G. (2012). Working with constraints in mobile learning: A response to Ballance. Language, Learning & Technology, 16(3), 24–31. Retrieved from