REPUBLICOFKENYA
MINISTRYOFAGRICULTURE,LIVESTOCKANDFISHERIES
AGRICULTURALSECTORDEVELOPMENTSUPPORTPROGRAMME
(ASDSP)
National report of the
PolicyandInstitutionalBaselineSurvey
October2014
1
Contents
Abbreviations
Selected Baseline indicators
1.Introduction
1.1.Background
1.2.Rationale of the Policy and Institutional Survey
1.3.Scope of the study
2.Methodology
2.1.Study Approach
2.2.Sampling and Data collection
2.3.Data Analysis
3.Situation Analysis on Policy, Strategies and Regulations
3.1.Overview
3.1.1.Demographic Characteristics
3.1.2.Land Availability and Use
3.1.3.Agro-ecological Zones
3.2.Role of Agriculture
3.3.Policy, Strategies and Regulations
3.4.Land Reforms
3.3 Crops, Livestock and Fisheries
3.3.1Crops Policies and Legislations
3.3.2 Livestock Policies and Legislations
3.3.3 Fisheries Policies and Legislations
3.4 Natural Resource Management and Climate Change Policies and Legislations
4.Sector Coordination
5.Investment in the Sector
5.1.Analysis of Public Investment
5.2.Analysis of Development Partners investment
5.2.1.Selected Programmes in the sector
3.6.4 Disbursement and Absorption Capacity
6.Institutional Analysis
6.1.Sector Institutions and Capacities
6.1.1.Inventory of institutions
6.1.2.Institutional Capacities
6.1.3.Main sources of funding
6.1.4.Status of the Agriculture Sector Plan
6.1.5.Performance of institutions in the sector
6.1.6.Linkages among Institutions
6.1.7.Communication Channels
6.2.Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Framework
7.Devolution and Agriculture
7.1.Participating in policy formulation and implementation
8.Public–private partnerships in the sector
9.Natural resourcemanagement and climatechange
9.1.Natural resource management
9.2.Climate change
10.Social inclusion in Agriculture
11.Recommendations
Bibliography
Annex 1.ASDSP Log-frame
Annex 2: Population Distribution by Sex, Number of Households, Area and Density by County *
Annex 3:Agro-ecological zones andsampled counties
Annex 4: Inventory of policies, strategies, regulations and acts of parliament in the sector
Annex 5: List of Agricultural Institutions in the County
Annex 6: Proportionate distribution of institutions categories by county
Annex 7: National and county Climate Change Vulnerability Index (CCVI), 2012
Annex 8: National and County Gender Inequality Index (GII), 2012
List of Figures
= Service not offered
Figure 6.2: Types of agricultural sector institutions
Figure 6.3: Institutional strengths and opportunities
Figure 6.4: Training needs
Figure 6.5: Causes and effects of linkages among institutions
Figure 6.6: Channels of communication
Figure 6.7: Use of M&E framework
Figure 7.1: Participation in policy development process
Figure 8.1:Private–public partnerships
List of Tables
Table1.1:Estimated statistics for agricultural commodities,2012
Table 3.1: Trends in total recurrent and development expenditure (KESmillion)
Table 3.1:Share of donor funds as apercentage of total expenditure, 2009/10–2011/12
Table 3.4: Absorption capacity 2009–2012: Recurrent and development budget
Table 6.1: Types of services provided by different categories of institutions
Table 6.2: Human resource sufficiency index, by cadre
Table 6.4: Institutional Challenges in Percent
Table 6.5: Sources of funding and proportion (%) received by each category
Table 6.6: Types of performance-based management systems in use
Proportion (%)of performance management system in use
Table 6.7: Use of feedback mechanisms
Table 6.8: Performance ranking ofagriculturalinstitutions,2011/2012
Table 6.9: Proportion of institutions and areas suggested for improvement
Table 6.10. Linkages between institutions and their sources of influence
Table 6.11: Strength of linkages between institutions
Table 6.13: Effectiveness of communication channels in percent
Table 6.14: Challenges of the implementing an M& E framework in percent
Table 6.15: Level of support (%) from national government
Table 7.1:Level of involvement in policymaking
Table 7.2: Areas of policy making that need to be improved
Table 9.1: Environmental policies, strategies and regulations implemented
Table 9.2: Environmental Issues and Adaptation Measures
Table 9.3: Selected indicators of climate change
Table 10.1: Proportion of institutions (%) with social inclusion programmes
Table 10.2: Social support policies and strategies implemented
Abbreviations
AfDBAfrican Development Bank
ASDSAgricultural Sector Development Strategy 2010–2020
ASDSPAgricultural Sector Development Support Programme
ATDCAgriculture Technology Development Centre
CAPChapter
CCUCounty Coordinating Unit
DANIDADanish International Development Agency
EIAEnvironmental impact assessment
FAOFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
GiZGerman Technical Cooperation
ICTinformation communication technology
IFADInternational Fund for Agricultural Development
JICAJapanese International Cooperation Agency
KACEKenya Agriculture Commodity Exchange
KARIKenya Agricultural Research Institute
KDNKenya Data Network
KEMRIKenya Marine Research Institute
KENFAPKenya National Federation of Agricultural Producers
KERRAKenya Rural Roads Authority
KFSKenya Forest Services
KIPPRAKenya Institute of Public Policy and Research
KNHBSKenya National Household Budget Survey
KURAKenya Urban Roads Authority
M&EMonitoring and Evaluation
MoALFMinistry of Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries
NCPBNational Cereals and Produce Board
NEMANational Environment Management Authority
NGOnon-governmental organization
NRMnatural resource management
SHEP UPSmallholder Horticulture Empowerment Programme Unit Project
SHoMAPSmallholder Horticulture Marketing Project
SIDASwedish International Development Agency
UNDPUnited Nations Development Programme
USAIDUnited States Agency for International Development
VCvalue chain
WBThe Word Bank
Preface
The Agricultural Sector Development Support Programme (ASDSP) was formulated by the government in 2011 in collaboration with development partners and other stakeholders to support the implementation of strategies identified in the Agricultural Sector Development Strategy 2010–2020 (ASDS) and the Comprehensive African Agricultural Development Programme (CAADP) Kenya Compact. The programme focuses on three key strategic areas: i) development of a transparent system for improved agricultural sector coordination and harmonization, and creation of an enabling policy and institutional environment for the realization of the ASDS; ii) strengthening the environmental resilience and social inclusion of value chains (VC); and iii) promotion of viable and equitable commercialization of the agricultural sector through value chain development (VCD).
The baseline survey was a first step in the implementation of the programme with the sole purpose of generating real-time data and information that will be used by programme implementers and other stakeholders to set benchmarks, assess their performance and adjust their implementation plans.
The surveys had three main objectives. First, to assess the socio-economic status of communities, especially the food security levels, as this affects cognitive human development, which has an overall effect on the country’s economic growth. Other factors considered were their social inclusion, gender disparity and their resilience in adapting to environmental challenges. Results indicate that we still have a lot to do to increase productivity through increasing the community’s ability to access inputs and services.
Second, the objective of the agribusiness survey was to assess how actors along the value chains interact, and to determine how best to address their challenges. The survey reveals that the country has a vibrant agribusiness sector that can further be improved with the right agro-trade policies and with both financial and technical support.
Lastly, to assess the current levels of policy formulation and institutional frameworks and to determine the gaps that may be hindering the advancement of agriculture. As can be seen from the results, we have formulated a number of policies to guide the sector. The capacity of our various institutions, however, needs to be strengthened by adopting improved performance enhancing systems to deliver services more efficiently and effectively to our people.
We believe that this information will assist the national and county governments to improve on strategies geared towards food security and commercialization of agriculture in Kenya. We wish to acknowledge and appreciate the support of the Swedish government in the development of agriculture in the country and, in particular, for their commitment to the development of the sector through the ASDSP. The effective participation of MoALF staff, the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), the University of Nairobi (UoN), the Kenya Institute of Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA) and the various collaborators is appreciated.
Sicily Kariuki (Mrs), MBS
PRINCIPAL SECRETARY
STATE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Prof. Micheni Japhet Ntiba, PhD, CBS
PRINCIPAL SECRETARY
STATE DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES
Prof. Fred Sigor, PhD
PRINCIPAL SECRETARY
STATE DEPARTMENT OF LIVESTOCK
Foreword
Agricultural sector growth and development is crucial to Kenya’s overall economic and social development. In particular, agriculture contributes significantly to the national economy, ensures the country is food secure, generates incomes and provides employment both directly and indirectly to the population. Sustained agricultural growth is therefore critical to uplifting the standards of living of our people. The country however faces a number of challenges that need to be overcome for this growth to occur. These challenges include high levels of poverty, food insecurity and the negative effects of climate change.
Kenya’s development blueprint, Vision 2030, recognizes the agricultural sector as one of the vehicles that will aid the achievements of the targets contained therein. Consequently, the Agricultural Sector Development Strategy 2010–2020 (ASDS) was put in place as a basis for formulating specific policies, work plans, projects and programmes that address food and nutrition security and farm productivity while conserving the natural resource base in the country. The overall goal of the strategy is to revolutionize agriculture from subsistence to an economic and commercial enterprise capable of providing Kenyans with employment opportunities and increased incomes. The Government of Kenya in collaboration with other development partners and, specifically, with initial support from the Government of Sweden, has brought the realization of this goal a step closer through the Agricultural Sector Development Support Programme (ASDSP) at the levels of both the national and county governments.
To assess the status and impacts of this collaborative initiative, it was necessary to establish existing realistic data on households, agribusiness and the policy environment. Further, the two countries and stakeholders have committed to sharing information and data from time to time to chart the way forward in addressing the challenges that the sector faces in food security, productivity and natural resource management. This survey was therefore timely and critical for this nation as the basis for planning and setting priorities of intervention in the sector.
The survey has made pertinent observations in the counties that require urgent attention by both levels of governance and by stakeholders. Of particular concern are the low levels of productivity and food security among households in most counties. Another area of interest realized was that the status of agribusiness, though vibrant, requires support in access to financial services if it is to compete favourably at international levels. The policies and regulations governing the sector are sufficient but capacity to execute them is lacking both at national and county levels.
I wish to encourage all stakeholders to not only study the reports but also use the data and information to evaluate their activities and improve their implementation profiles to achieve realistic goals. As a ministry, we are committed to use the findings to inform the process of linking policy generated with future programmes that will lead to realization of food- and nutrition-secure and wealthy households.
Felix K. Koskei
Cabinet Secretary
Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries
Acknowledgements
The ASDSP is implemented at national level and in the 47 counties through the established National Programme Secretariat (NPS) and the County Coordinating Units (CCU).
The purpose of the nation-wide baseline surveys was to gather data and information to be used in establishing the pre-program levels of the result indicators contained in the Agricultural Sector Development Support Programme (ASDSP) logframe. The surveys, which were intensive and costly, were conducted between September and October 2013 in all the 47 counties in the country.
The specific objectives of the surveys were to: provide benchmarks and indicators for evaluating the programme in future, provide useful data for planning and monitoring progress during implementation, and mobilize various actors to participate in the programme interventions through the formation of partnerships at the critical stages identified by the survey data. Further, the studies intended to avail data to be shared with other stakeholders to guide them in planning their activities.
Based on the functional lines, the survey was divided into three separate but complementary segments that required different methods of data collection. The segments were a household survey focusing on resources, climate change and food security; an agribusiness survey focusing on value chains, marketing and financial investments; and a policy, institutional setting and coordination survey.
I take this opportunity to extend special recognition and appreciation to the following, whose contribution led to the success of this exercise
Mr. Felix K. Koskei, Cabinet Secretary, MoALF, for his leadership and support that enabled the completion of the study;Sicily K. Kariuki (Mrs), MBS, Principal Secretary, State Department of Agriculture; Prof. Micheni Japhet Ntiba, CBS, Principal Secretary, State Department of Fisheries; and Prof. Fred Sigor, Principal Secretary, State Department of Livestock, for their guidance and support throughout the survey period.The Hon Governors of the 47 counties for their leadership and support at the county levels.The Embassy of Sweden under the leadership of Anders Ronquist for providing resources, support and guidance to the ASDSP.
The following for their technical and logistical engagement:
Dr. Eliud Kireger, Director General, KALRO, Dr. Ephraim Mukisira (former Director, KARI) and Dr. Joseph Mureithi, Deputy Director, KARI, for overall guidance and management of the household and agribusiness surveys.
Dr. Lawrence Mose, Dr. Festus Mureithi and Dr. Wellington Mulinge for coordinating the household and agribusiness surveys.
Prof. Ackello Ogutu, University of Nairobi, for technicalguidance in the household and agribusiness surveys.
The Central Planning and Project Unit (CPPU), MoALF under the coordination of Mr Wellington Lubira, and KIPPRA under the guidance of Dr. John M. Omiti, for carrying out the policy and institutional survey.
The National Programme Steering Committee under the chairmanship of Ms Anne Onyango, MBS, and Mr Julius Kiptarus, OGW, for guidance and oversight role.
The NIRAS Natura under the leadership of Mikael Segerros for supporting the whole process from the development of the baseline tools for the survey to it execution and analysis.
The National Programme Secretariat (NPS), under the coordination of Rosemary Magambo, ASDSP M&E specialist, for the day-to-day administration of the baseline survey process.
The technical coordinating teams and the county staff, for their diligence and hard work that has seen the completion of the survey.
And to all those who contributed in one way or another towards this exercise, I thank you most sincerely for ensuring this report is produced.
Phoebe A. Odhiambo (Mrs), HSC
National Programme Coordinator
AGRICULTURAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT PROGRAMME
1
Executive summary
The Ministry of Agriculturedeveloped the Agricultural Sector Development Support Programme (ASDSP) to implement the Agricultural Sector Development Strategy (2010–2020) to support the development of the agricultural sector. The ASDSP’s overall goal is to transform Kenya’s agricultural sector into an innovative, commercially oriented and modern industry that will contribute to poverty reduction, improved food security and equity.
In the Medium-Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF), the Agricultural and Rural Development sector comprises of the following seven sub-sectors: Agriculture, Livestock Development, Fisheries Development, Land, Cooperative Development and Marketing, Forestry and Wildlife, National Land Commission,and Research and Development and the semi-autonomous government authorities.
The main objective of the policy and institutional baseline study was to prepare ex-ante programme information on the relevant indicators against which performance and impact of future programme activities would be assessed.
Stratified random sampling was used to select a representative sample and the stratification unit was the category of institutions. Purposive and convenience sampling was used to sample private, NGO, community-based, farmer organizations, faith-based organisations, agro–input dealers. Data were entered into a database. The field survey data were analyzed using descriptive. Data from the secondary sources and the focus group discussions were analyzed using content analysis techniques, after which the all results were then organized into various themes.
Findings of the survey
Institutions present
Seven categories of institutions were identified: research, policy and regulation, finance, marketing, extension, training and value addition all from the public and private sectors. These institutions provided the following services:Extension on livestock and fish husbandry, Marketing, Record keeping, Agricultural machinery, Agricultural inputs, Road infrastructure, Post-harvest management, Financial services, Irrigation technologies, Processing, Research and supportive research services, andpolicy advice.
From the sampled institutions, public institutions were present in all categories with 100 percent representation in research and policy categories and only 10% composition in the financial category. They derived their mandate from acts of parliament and company acts.
Assessment of existing policies, strategies and regulations in the agriculture sector
Overarching policies
- Sessional Paper No. 1 of 2012 on National food and nutrition security policy
- National agriculture service extension policy
- National agricultural research system policy
Draft overarching policies
- Draft national urban and peri-urban agriculture and livestock policy
- Draft national agro-chemicals policy
- Draft policy on climate change
Overarching strategies
- Agricultural sector development strategy 2010-2020
- National agribusiness strategy
Overarching Acts
- Agriculture Food and Fisheries Act (AFFA) 2013
- Crop Production and Livestock Act, Cap 321
- Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Act, (KALRA), Act 2013
Assessment of key sector institutions
Institutional strengths
Availability of physical infrastructure
Availability of human capital
Strategic partnerships
Availability of inputs