Name: ______Period: ______Date: ______
Milestone Review Notes and Maps
Southwest Asia (the Middle East)
- Locate (label) these countries: Israel, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Afghanistan
- Locate (label) these physical features: Jordan River, Tigris River, Euphrates River, Gaza Strip, Suez Canal, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Strait of Hormuz
Environmental Issues: SS7G2, SS7G6, SS7G10:
• High amount of water pollution in SW Asia:
– Has decreased the amount of water available for drinking and for irrigation (for farming)
• The major rivers in the Middle East have become significant political issues:
– Everyone needs to be able to use the water, but there is only a limited amount
– Countries that have access to water try to save as much as they can. For example. Turkey has built a series of dams to protect their access to water. This leads to conflicts with other countries who do not have that access to water.
– Water is SCARCE. In your own words: ______.
• There is an unequal distribution of water in SW Asia:
– There are conflicts on: Tigris, Euphrates, and Jordon Rivers.
• The countries of SW Asia get into disputes over water rights because: The water supply in the region is limited!
• SW Asia has a large oil supply, this has affected the history of the region since the 1950s:
– It has encouraged foreigners to compete for influence in the region
• Natural resources in the Middle East:
– Natural resources are the materials or substances found in nature that can be used for economic gain.
– there is an abundance of oil
– there is a scarcity of water.
• Countries that border the Persian Gulf:
– Have large supplies of oil.
– The Persian Gulf is very important to Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Iraq because:
• It is one of the main ways oil is shipped from these countries
• Most people in the Middle East live:
– near water
• Most of the large cities in SW Asia are located on or near major rivers
Human Geography: SS7G4, SS7G8, SS7G12
Key words: Ethnic group, Religious Group, monotheism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Sunni, Shi’a
• Ethnic Group:
– Group of people with similar culture traits
– What you are born into
– (you do not get a choice)
– Examples:
– How would you describe your ethnic group?
• Religious Group:
• Group of people with a common belief system.
• ______You get a choice______!
• Different ethnic groups may be a part of the same religious group
• Examples:
• Ethnic Groups of SW Asia:
– Arabs
• Most practice Sunni Islam
– Persians
• Most practice Shi’a Islam
– Kurds
• Most practice Sunni Islam
• Religious Groups of SW Asia
– Judaism, Christianity, and Islam:
– All 3 religions originated in the Middle East
– All 3 are currently practiced in the Middle East
• All 3 have the belief in one god ( monotheism)
• Islam
– Sunni and Shi’a Muslims split into separate branches because:
– There were disputes over who the leader of Islam should be
History of Southwest Asia SS7H2
Key Vocabulary words: Ottoman Empire, Partitioning, Anti-Semitism, Zionism, Holocaust
• Anti-Semitism:
– Extreme hatred and prejudice toward Jews
– Prejudice: Prejudging. An unfair feeling of dislike for a person or group because of race, sex, religion, etc.
• Zionism:
– Strong desire for the Jewish people to return to their ancestral homeland in Palestine
– Your Definition: ______
• Holocaust:
– The killing of millions of Jew and other people by the Nazis during World War Two (WWII)
• Jewish Connection to Israel:
– There is an ancient connection to the land
– Since the Jews controlled Israel thousands of years earlier, the historical roots of the Jews were located there.
– In 1948, the United Nations divided the land of Palestine between the Jews and the Arabs:
– This created the State of Israel
SS7H2c: “Describe how land and religion are reasons for continuing conflicts in the Middle East.”
• Conflicts continue in the Middle East due to:
– Historical claims to the same land
• Since the conclusion of World War II.
– Religion has played a major role in creating conflict in SW Asia
SS7H2d“Explain U.S. presence and interest in Southwest Asia; include the Persian Gulf conflict, and invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq.”
• Persian Gulf War (1991):
– Iraq invaded Kuwait which threatened billions of barrels of oil.
• War in Afghanistan (2001):
– The United States believed that the government of Afghanistan was offering safety to al-Qaeda the organization responsible for the ___9/11____ terrorist attacks.
• War in Iraq (2003):
– The United States overthrew the government of Iraq because it believed that Saddam Hussein possessed weapons of mass destruction (WMDs)
Government Systems and Citizen Participation: SS7CG1, SS7CG4, SS7CG6:
1) unitary government
2) confederation
3) federal government
Citizen Participation:
4) autocracy
5) oligarchy
6) democracy
Democracies:
7) presidential democracy
8) parliamentary democracy
9) prime minister
Government Systems and Citizen Participation in SW Asia
State of Israel:
– __Parliamentary Democracy______:
• Although there is a president, the head of government is the prime minister.
• Kingdom of Saudi Arabia:
– Absolute monarchy (Autocracy):
– The king rules without a parliament or a constitution
– Led by a king who inherits power.
– Low amounts of voting rights and personal freedoms (especially for women )
• Islamic Republic of Iran:
– Theocratic__ Republic:
– Government ruled by religious law
– Presidential democracy:
– The president and members of parliament are elected by the citizens
Economic Systems: Basics SS7E
The three basic questions asked for any economic system are WHAT to produce, HOW to produce, and FOR WHOM to produce.
Traditional Economy: Economic questions are answered based on customs and traditions
Command Economy: The government answers all economic questions. The producers/consumers have zero economic freedom
Market Economy: Individual citizens (buyers and sellers/Producers and consumers answer all economic questions. The government has zero economic decision making ability.
Mixed Economy:
– Combination of command and market economies
– The government and individual citizens share responsibility in making economic decisions
– All national governments have mixed economies in place
All countries have mixed economies that are found on a continuum between pure command and pure market.
Draw an economic continuum:
Specialization:
– encourages trade between countries
Trade Barriers:
– tariff:
• tax placed on imports (
– quota:
• Limit placed on imports
– embargo
• Limit placed on trade
In order for international trade to be successful:
– a system of exchanging currencies (money) must be in place –also known as a currency exchange
Human Capital:
– money spent to train and educate workers on how to use new technology
– When countries invest in “human capital,” the GDP will rapidly increase
– When countries do not invest in “______,” the GDP will not rapidly increase
Create a visual explaining your understanding of relationship between human capital and GDP:
Capital Goods:
– Factories, machinery, and technology used to make other goods
– When countries invest in “______CG______,” the GDP will rapidly ____increase______
– When countries do not invest in CG the GDP will not rapidly increase
Investment in Human capital and Capital goods can make significant contributions to a country’s economy
What are entrepreneurs?
People that take a risk to start new businesses. Willingness to make this risk is a sign of a countries economic health
What is income? Money that is earned on a regular basis
Spending: Paying money for items that are needed
Saving; Setting money aside for future use
Investing: Spending money in the hope of earning more money than was spent
Credit: Money that is borrowed from a bank
Economics of Southwest Asia
• Israel:
– Mixed economy; closer to the market side
– Diverse economy
– Israel does not have oil. They depend on technology and agriculture to run the economy.
• Saudi Arabia:
– Mixed economy; closer to the market side
– Economy is NOT diverse
– Economy is dependent on petroleum exports
• Turkey:
– Mixed economy; closer to the Market side
– diverse economy
OPEC
• OPEC:
– OPEC influences the price of oil on the world market
– OPEC controls 2/3 of the world’s oil reserves
• The Role of Oil in SW Asia:
– The world is dependent on the Middle East for oil
– Oil-rich countries (such as Iran and Saudi Arabia) have become incredibly rich over past few years due to their high amounts of oil
– Countries with more oil are usually much richer than those with less oil.
Africa:
Environmental Issues:
Key Words: pollution, deforestation, desertification
• Water pollution in Africa has led to:
– Lack of access to safe drinking water
– Slows down economic growth
• Water is not evenly distributed throughout Africa
• Deforestation:
• Deforestation is the removal of tropical rain forest/vegetation for human use: clear cutting
• Has led to high amounts of:
– poor soil (land is useless for farming and agriculture)
– Air pollution (lack of clean air)
• Desertification:
– Caused by overgrazing and drought in the Sahel
– Surrounding grassland regions are decreasing
– When land is turned to desert, it is extremely difficult to turn it back into farmable/usable land.
• Drier regions (such as the Sahara) have low populations because of limited access to water
– droughts are dangerous in the Sahel due to most people relying on farming
• Most Africans live in the savanna due to:
– Large supplies of water
– A climate that is more suitable for farming
– Ease of travel
• Ethnic Groups of Africa:
– Arabs:
• Most practice Islam
– Ashanti:
• Most practice Christianity Influence from Europeans
– Swahili:
• Most practice Islam Mix of Natives and Arab traders
– Bantu:
• Practice various religions, mostly traditional
History of Africa into the 21st century
Key Words: Partitioning, Nationalism, Pan Africa, Apartheid
• European Partitioning of Africa (Positive Aspects):
– Independence of African colonies
– More transportation:
• More transportation
• Suez Canal
– New hospitals:
• medicine
• European Partitioning of Africa (Negative Aspects):
– Conflict
– Civil war
– Artificial political boundaries
Nationalism helped lead to independence in Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa:
– Kenya achieved independence by using warfare or violence
– Nigeria and South Africa achieved independence without using warfare.
– In other words, Nigeria and South Africa achieved independence through peaceful movements.
What was Apartheid?
• Apartheid deprived black South Africans of basic human rights
• Apartheid ended in South Africa during the 1990s.
– White leaders decided that the policy was hurting the country’s economy and international reputation
• F.W. de Klerk released Nelson Mandela from prison:
• They worked together to abolish apartheid
• Nelson Mandela led the process in which black South Africans gained civil rights
• In 1994, the first open and free elections were held, and Nelson Mandela became the first non-white president of South Africa
• The purpose of the Pan-African Movement was to:
– Develop a unified political identity
• Achieving the objective of the Pan-African Movement will be difficult due to:
– Cultural differences between different ethnic groups in Africa
Government in Africa
• Republic of Kenya:
– Republic:
• Citizens elect leaders to represent them
– Presidential democracy:
• The president and members of parliament are elected by the citizens
• Republic of South Africa:
– Parliamentary Democracy:
• The president is the head of state (appointed by the legislature), but the prime minister holds executive power
– Since the end of apartheid, the white minority and black majority have equal political rights
• Conflicts that led to the independence of South Sudan from Sudan:
– The South has more oil and water resources
– Dominance of the North in the government
– Ethnic and religious differences between the North and the South
Humanitarian Issues in Africa
• Males in both Kenya and Sudan have high access to education
• However, females in Sudan have less access to education than females in Kenya
• Numerous civil wars in sub-Saharan Africa have:
• Disrupted the distribution of HIV/AIDS medicine in this region
• The spread of HIV/AIDS cases in sub-Saharan Africa could be slowed through:
• Education and prevention
• Unstable governments have worsened the HIV/AIDS epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa
Economics in Africa
• Nigeria:
– Mixed economy; closer to the Market side
– Economy is dependent on petroleum exports
• South Africa:
– Mixed economy; closer to the Market side
– Diverse economy
• Nigeria:
– In Nigeria, the GDP is dependent on oil production
• South Africa:
– In South Africa, High amounts of gold, diamonds, and uranium have helped the economy
Southern and Eastern Asia:
Environmental Issues:
• Pollution on the Yangtze and Ganges River:
– Causes:
• industrial runoff
• agriculture
• religious ceremonies (only on the Ganges)
– Effect:
• lowers amount of water available
• Air Pollution in China and India:
– Cause:
• They are developing countries that are rapidly industrializing
– Effect:
• This continues because the governments do not want to slow down economic growth
• Flooding in S+E Asia:
– Causes:
• Heavy rainfall
• Melting snow and ice from higher elevations
• Monsoons and tropical cyclones
– Effects:
• Harms agriculture
• Kills thousands each year,
Human Geography
• Hinduism:
– Began thousands of years ago by different groups of people
– Practiced by 900 million Indians
– One supreme reality: “Brahman”
– Dharma, karma, reincarnation
– Uses caste system
• Buddhism:
– Created 2,500 years ago
– Guided by the 4 Noble truths
– Try to achieve peace by rejecting desires
– Dharma, karma, reincarnation
• Islam:
– Created during the 600s… in SW Asia
– Although it originated in the Middle East, it is practiced by hundreds of millions in S+E Asia
• Shintoism:
– Began thousands of years ago by different groups of people
– Polytheism – “kami”
– Afterlife is not emphasized
– Usually mixed with Buddhism in Japan
• Confucianism:
– Created 2,500 years ago
– Purpose is to fulfill one’s role in society
– More of a philosophy than a religion:
• His teachings are based more on ethics and behavior… not religious ideas
• Hinduism and Buddhism:
– Share the principles of dharma, karma, and reincarnation
• Unlike Hinduism, Buddhism, Shintoism, and Confucianism:
– Islam originated in the Middle East
• High Literacy Rate:
– If a nation’s literacy rate is high, the standard of living is likely to be high
– Low Literacy Rate:
– If a nation’s literacy rate is low, the standard of living is likely to be low
History of Southern and Eastern Asia
SS7H3
• Due to high amounts of nationalism, independence was gained by:
– India (against British rule)
– Vietnam (against many foreign powers)
• Mohandas Gandhi led the Indian independence movement against the British by using:
– Non-violent protest
• After World War II, the U.S. helped rebuild Japan by:
– Helping write a new constitution
– Sharing its manufacturing knowledge
– Providing large sums of money through loans
– Providing much needed resources for their industries
– Limiting the size of Japan’s military
China:
• Mao Zedong:
– established communism in China
– led the nation for over 25 years
• Great Leap Forward (1958-1960):
– Purpose – develop a modern economy in China
– Results – millions starved to death, and China’s economy collapsed
• Cultural Revolution (1966-1976):
– Purpose – Mao wanted to eliminate his enemies
– Result – Millions of Chinese were persecuted, exiled, or killed
• Tiananmen Square protests (1989):
– Non-violent protest against the government that turned deadly
– Thousands of protestors were killed by the Chinese military
• Modern China:
– (1958 – 1960) – Great Leap Forward
– (1966 – 1976) – Cultural Revolution
– (1989) – Tiananmen Square protest
• Due to the containment of communism, the U.S. fought in:
– The Korean War
– The Vietnam War
Governments of Southern and Eastern Asia
• Republic of India:
– Federal republic (democracy):
• Power is divided among different levels of government
• Citizens elect leaders to represent them
– Parliamentary democracy:
• The president is the head of state (appointed by the legislature), but the prime minister holds executive power
• People’s Republic of China:
– Communist State:
• Government has great control of land and the means of production
– Oligarchy:
• The Chinese Communist Party is the only political party allowed to hold government positions
– Low amounts of voting rights and personal freedoms
• State of Japan:
– Constitutional Monarchy:
• Emperor whose powers are limited by a written constitution
• Emperor is a symbolic leader
– Parliamentary democracy:
• Led by a prime minister
Economies of Southern and Eastern Asia
• China and India:
– have high amounts of natural resources that have helped their economies
• Japan:
– has few natural resources and arable land; it must import most of the resources and food that it needs
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