University of Warwick
Migration and Identity
Reading list and course outline 2004/5
Module Code: SO.210
Tutor: Professor Robin Cohen
E. Mail:
Room R1.65 (Social Studies Blg.)
Office Hours 12-1pm Tuesdays in term
Lectures are on Tuesdays, 11-12, in Room R03/4
In Term 1 we deal with how sociologists understand migration. Weeks 1 and 2 are introductory and theoretical; Weeks 4-10 are concerned with eight major ‘types’ or ‘forms’ of migration. Term 2 deals with ‘identity’ through the prism of ‘diaspora’. Weeks 11-12 are theoretical and typological. Weeks 13-20 cover different examples of diaspora. There will be no lectures in the third term, but revision classes will be held and videos will be shown. The programme for the third term will be published at a later date.
Note: An asterisk (*) after the entry indicates ‘of special importance’. All dates refer to the lecture.
General books
Castles, Stephen and M. Miller The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2003)* (Useful overview; pp. refs are to 3rd edition)
Cohen, Robin The New Helots: Migrants in the International Division of Labour (Aldershot: Gower 1987) HM 1450.C6 (Covers some of Term 1)
Cohen Robin Global Diasporas: An Introduction (London: Routledge, 2001) (Covers most of Term 2)
Reference Books
The following reference books contain useful entries on nearly all parts of the course, but they are usually far too expensive to buy. Consult in library, following up some of the bibliographies.
Chaliand, Gérard and Jean-Pierre Rageau The Penguin Atlas of Diasporas (Harmondsworth: Penguin 1995
Cohen Robin (ed) The Cambridge Survey of World Migration (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995)*
Cohen, Robin (ed) Theories of Migration, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1996
Hoerder, Dirk Cultures in Contact: World Migrations in the Second Millennium Durham: Duke University Press, 2002)
Hoerder, Dirk and Leslie Page Moch (eds) EuropeanMigrants: Global and Local Pespectives (Boston 1996)
Kritz, Mary M., Lin L. Lim and Hania Zlotnik (eds) International Migration Systems: a Global Approach (Oxford 1992)
Massey, D. S. and J. E. Taylor (eds) International Migration: Prospects and Policies in a Global Market (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004
Pan, Lynn (ed) The Encyclopaedia of the Chinese Overseas (1999)
Segal, Aaron An Atlas of International Migration (London: Hans Zell, 1993)
Simon, Rita J. and Caroline B Brettall International Migration: The Female Experience Totowa: ??, 1986)
Vertovec, Steven and Robin Cohen (eds.) Migration, Diasporas and Transnationalism Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1999*
Journals to be consulted
1
Diaspora
Ethnic and Racial Studies
Global Networks
Immigrants and Minorities
International Migration
International Migration Review (IMR)***
Journal of Refugee Studies
Migration Today
Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
Race and Class
1
Term 1
WEEK 1: Introduction to the Literature/Class Assignments/Basic Terms
28.9.2004
Self-check: You should now have a clear idea of the structure of the course and your commitments to it.
WEEK 2: Why people move: theories of migration
5.10.2004
Distinguish between the individual’s desires and motives to move and the structural and macro changes that encourage movement. Can all the different forms of migration (forced,, labour, refugee, skilled, etc.) all be explained in a single general theory? What are the permissive and inhibiting factors at a meso- level: for example immigration policies? Is there a different set of explanations for the initiation of migration as opposed to its continuation?
Bach, Robert L and L. A. Schraml ‘Migration Crisis and Theoretical Conflict’ IMR 23 (2), 1982, 320–41
Borjas, G. J. ‘Economic Theory and International Migration’, IMR, 23 (3), Fall 1989
Cherunilam, F. Migration: Causes, Correlates, Consequences, Trends and Policies (Bombay: Himalaya Publishing House, 1989)* HC 2000.C4
Castles and Miller The Age of Migration, 21–32*
Cohen, Robin The New Helots, 33–42
Cohen, Robin (ed) Theories of Migration (see esp. the Massey et al and Zoberg)*
Hein, J. ‘Refugees, Immigrants and the State’, Annual Review of Sociology, 19, 43–59
History Task Force Labour Migration Under Capitalism: The Puerto Rican Experience (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1979) (also for Caribbean section) HM 1456.4.C4
Hoffman-Nowotny, H.’A Sociological Approach Towards a General Theory of Migration’ in Kritz, M. M. et al. (eds) Global Trends in Migration (New York: Centre for Migration Studies, 1981)* HC 2000.G5
Jackson, J. A. (ed.) Migration (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969) esp. chapter by Lee HC 2000.J2 also in Cohen 1996
Kritz, M. M. et al. (eds) Global Trends in Migration (New York: Centre for Migration Studies, 1981)* HC 2000.G5
Kunz, E ‘The Refugee in Flight: Kinetic Models and Forms of Displacement’, IMR 7 (2), 1973,125–46
Kunz, E. ‘Exile and Resettlement: Refugee Theory’, IMR, 15 (1), 1981, 42–51
Lee, Everett ‘A Theory of Migration’, Demography, 3 (1), 47–57 (also reprinted in Jackson and Cohen q.v.)
Massey, Douglas M. ‘Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal’ Population and Development Review 19 (3), Sept. 1993, 431–669 (note 65 references at back)
Massey, Douglas M. ‘An Evaluation of International Migration Theory: The North American Case’ Population and Development Review 20 (4), Dec. 1994, 699–751 (note 225 references at back)
Nikolinakos, M. ‘Notes towards a General Theory of Migration’ Race and Class, 17 (1), Summer 1975, 5–16
Peterson, W. ‘A General Typology of Migration’ American Sociological Review Vol. 23, 1958, 256–66
Portes, Alejandro and Josef Borocz ‘Contemporary Migration: Theoretical Perspectives on its Determinants and Modes of Incorporation’ IMR, 23 (3), 1989, 606–30
Portes, Alejandro. and J. Walton Labor, Class and the International System (New York: Academic Press, 1981) HL 6400.P6 chapter on ‘Migration and Development’
Potts, Lydia The World Labour Market, 199–224
Richmond, Anthony H. ‘Proactive and reactive migration’ in A. H. Richmond Global Apartheid: Refugees, Racism, and the New World Order, Toronto: Oxford University Press, 47–74
Zolberg, Aristide ‘The Next Waves: Migration Theory for a Changing World’ IMR, 23 (3), 1989, 403–30
Self-check: You should have some idea (but not yet a complete grasp of) the causes of migration and should be able to distinguish most ‘types’ of migration. Think now about the essays you might like to tackle!
WEEK 3: Tied migration: the case of Indian indentured labour
12.10.2004
Is capitalism compatible with unfree labour or, as Marx thought, a mode of production that requires free labour? What forms of unfree labour from the end of plantation slavery appear to have survived? Were Indian indentured workers experiencing ‘a new form of slavery’? What was the position of Indian women under indenture? Are modern migrants the lineal descendants of unfree workers?
Archer, L. J. (ed.) Slavery and Other Forms of Unfree Labour (London: Routledge, 1988) HC 7100.S5
Beall, Jo ‘Women Under Indenture in Colonial Natal, 1860–1911’ in Colin Clarke et al. (eds) South Asians Overseas: Migration and Ethnicity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990) 57–74
Brass, T. ‘Slavery Now: Unfree Labour and Modern Capitalism’, Slavery and Abolition Vol. 9, 1988 (SRC box)
Brass, T. et al. Free and Unfree Labour (Amsterdam: International Institute for Social History, 1993)* (Copiesof this available for purchase)
Clarke, Colin et al. (eds) South Asians Overseas: Migration and Ethnicity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990) 1–163 HC 2300.S6*
Cohen, Robin The New Helots 1–32
Corrigan, P. ‘Feudal Relics or Capitalist Monument? Notes on the Sociology of Unfree Labour’, Sociology Vol.11, 1977, 35–63
Cunliffe, Marcus Chattel Slavery and Wage Slavery (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1979) HC7161.C8
Dabydeen, D. and B. Samaroo (eds) India in the Caribbean (London: Hansib, 1987) F 2191.I6
Daniel, P. The Shadow of Slavery, Peonage in the South, 1901–1969 (London: Oxford University Press, 1973) HC7361.D2
Emmer, P. C. (ed.) Colonialism and Migration: Indentured Labour before and after Slavery (Dordrecht: Nijhoff, 1986) HM1450.C6
Khan, Aisha ‘Homeland, motherland: Authenticity, legitimacy, and ideologies of place among Muslims in Trinidad’ in Peter van der Veer (ed.) Nation and migration: The politics of space in the South Asian diaspora (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995) 93–131
Kloosteboer, W. Involuntary Labour since the Abolition of Slavery (Leiden: Brill, 1960)* HM 5500.H5
Miles, R. Capitalism and Unfree Labour (London: Tavistock, 1987)* HM 5500.M4
Mintz, S. ‘Slavery and Forced Labour in Puerto Rico’, in S. Mintz Caribbean Transformations (Chicago: Aldine Press, 1974) HC 7100.N4
Parekh, Bhikhu ‘Some reflections on the Hindu diaspora’, New Community, 20 (4), 1994, 603–20
Peach, Ceri ‘Three phases of South Asian emigration’ in Judith M. Brown and Rosemary Foot (eds) Migration: The Asian experience (New York: St. Martin’s Press in association with St. Antony’s College, Oxford, 1994) 38–55
Plant, R. Sugar and Modern Slavery (London: Zed Books, 1987) HM 9730.R6
Potts, Lydia The World Labor Market, 63–103
Rodney, W. A History of the Guyanese Working People (London: Heinemann, 1981) HM 9730.R6
Thiara, Ravi ‘Indian indentured workers in Mauritius, Natal and Fiji’ in Robin Cohen (ed.) The Cambridge survey of world migration (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995) 63–68*
Tinker, H. A New System of Slavery: The Export of Indian Labour Overseas: 1830–1920 (London: Oxford University Press, 1974)* HM 1458.T4
Tinker, H. The Banyan Tree: Overseas Emigrants from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977) HC 2181.T4
Vertovec, Steven (1995) ‘Indian indentured migration to the Caribbean’ in Robin Cohen (ed.) The Cambridge survey of world migration, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 57–62*
Self-check: You should be able to distinguish free and unfree labour, look at the transitions from slave to free labour and have a detailed knowledge of Indian indentured migrants
WEEK 4: Forced labour in labour-repressive systems
19.10.2004
The term ‘labour-repressive systems/economies’ is used by Barrington Moore in The Social Origins … though it is not well developed. Subsequent authors have none the less seen it as a useful means of analysing societies with a high degree of state-direction of the labour force e.g. the Soviet Union, Nazi Germany. How was labour organised and mobilised in Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union?
Borkin, J. The Crime and Punishment of IG Farben (New York: Free Press, 1978)* D 804.G4
Bracher, K. D. The German Dictatorship (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1978) (Background) DD 256.S.87
Dallin, D. and B. E. Nicolaevsky Forced Labour in the Soviet Union (London: Hollis & Carter, 1948) HM 5531.D2
Ferencz, A. Less Than Slaves (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979) DS 135.E83
Firedrich, Carl J. and Z. K. Brzenzinski Totalitarian Dictatorhsip and Autocracy (New York: Frederick Praeger,1961) 211–224
Hamburger, L. How Nazi Germany Mobilised Labour (pamphlet HM 5523.H2)
Homze, E. L. Foreign Labor in Nazi Germany (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967)* DD 256.5.H6
Hosking, G. A History of the Soviet Union (London: Fontana, 1985) (Background only) DK 266.H6
Moore, B. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969) (concept only: use index) D 208.M6
Solzhenitsyn, A. The Gulag Archipelago 1918–1956 (London: Fontana, 1979) DK 268.S6
Speer, A. The Slave State (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1981)* DD 256.S7
Swianiewicz, S. Forced Labour and Economic Development (London: 1965)* HM 5531 S9
Self-check: You should have a clear idea of how labour was deployed in Nazi Germany and Stalin’s USSR and be able to compare the two.
WEEK 5: Labour migration: Europe 1945-70s
26.10.2004
Were the large flows of migrants to Western Europe in the period 1945–75 cause or consequence of the boom years? Why were migrants so useful economically during this period? Why did legal labour migration stop so suddenly in the mid-1970s?
Berger, J. with J. Mohr A Seventh Man (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1975) HM 1452.B3
Bohning, R. The Migration of Workers in the United Kingdom and the European Community (London: Oxford University Press, 1971) HM 1452.1.B6
Castells, M. ‘Immigrant Workers and Class Struggles in Advanced Capitalism: The Western European Experience’, in Cohen, Gutkind and Brazier (eds) Peasants and Proletarians 1979 OR in Politics and Society 5 (1) 1975*
Castles, S. and G. Kosack Immigrant Workers and Class Structure in Western Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985) HM 1452.C2
Castles S. and Miller The Age of Migration 46–93
Castles, S. Here for Good; Western Europe’s New Ethnic Minorities (London: Pluto, 1984)* HC 2320.C2
Castles, S. ‘The Guest-worker in Western Europe: An Obituary’, IMR 20, Winter 1986, 761–778
Cohen, R. The New Helots.Chapter 4
Freeman, G. P. Immigrant Labor and Racial Conflict in Industrial Societies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979) HC 2311.F7
Gorz, A. ‘Immigrant Labour’, New Left Review May/June 1970
Harris, N. ‘The New Untouchables’, International Socialism Vol. 2, 1980
Kindleberger, C. P. Europe’s Post-war Growth: the Role of Labor Supply (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1967) HM 1320.K4
Miles, R. Racism and Migrant Labour (London: Routledge tic Kegan Paul, 1982) HC 9720.M4
Phizacklea, A. One Way Ticket: Migration and Female Labour (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984)
Ward, A. ‘European Capitalism’s Reserve Army’ Monthly Review 27 (6) November 1975, in SRC Box*
Self-check: You should be able to describe the particularities of the 1945–75 years, using at least Britain, France and Germany as examples (if looking at other example The Netherlands is well documented)
WEEK 6: Labour Migration: the US-Mexican Case
2.11.2004
Between Mexico and the USA lies the Rio Grande, a easily-crossed river separating one of the richest from one of the poorest countries in the world. The flow of migrants across the border provides a politically sensitive and excellently documented case of international labour migration. How do we periodise and characterise this migration? What was the border industrialisation program? What was the bracero program?
Acuña, R. Occupied America: The Chicano’s Struggle Toward Liberation (San Francisco: Canfield Press, 1972) E184.M5
Baerresen, D. W. The Border Industrialization Program of Mexico (Lexington Mass: D.C. Heath and Co., 1971)* HV 1663.B2
Bean, F. D. Mexican and Central American Population: and US Immigration Policy (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989) HC 2261.M3
Bean, F. D, B. Edmondson and J. S. Passel Undocumented Migration to the United States: IRCA and the Experience of the 1980s (Santa Monica, CA and Washington, DC: Rand Corporation and the Urban Institute, 1990)* HC 2261.U6
Briggs, V. M., W. Fogel and F. H. Smidt The Chicano Worker (University of Texas Press, 1977) HM 1456.1.B7
Brown, P. G. and H. Shue (eds) The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and US Responsibility (Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman & Littlefield, 1983) HC2261.B6
Cohen, Robin The New Helots, 43–72
Corwin, A. F. (ed.) Immigrants and Immigrants Perspectives on Mexican Labour Migration to the US (New York: Greenwood Press, 1978) HM1456.I.C6
Cross, H. E. Across the Border: Rural Development in Mexico and Recent Migration to the United States, (Berkeley, University of California, 1981)* HP 6311.C7
Ehrlich, P. R. The Golden Door: International Migration, Mexico and the US (New York: Wideview Books, 1979) HC 2261.E4
Fernandez, R. A. The United States–Mexican Border: A Politico-Economic Profile (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1977)* HK 618.F3
Galarza, E. Merchants of Labour: The Mexican-American Story (Charlotte, NC: McNally & Lofting, 1964) HM1456.1.G6
Galarza, E. Mexican-Americans in the South-west Santa Barbara: McNally & Lofting, 1970)* HC2361.G2
Kiser, G. and M. Kiser Mexican Workers in the US: Historical and Political Perspectives (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1979) Parts 1, 2 and 4 HM 1456.1.K4
Levy, J. E. Cesar Chavez: Autobiography of La Causa (New York: W W Norton & co, 1975) HM 9611.85.C4
McWilliams, C. North from Mexico (New York: Greenwood Press, 1968) HC 9761.2
Portes, A. and R. Bach Latin Journey: Cuban and Mexican Immigrants in the United States (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985) HC 2261.P6
Power, J. Migrant Workers in Western Europe and the US (Oxford: Pergamon, 1979) HM 1452.P6
Seligson, M. A. Maquiladoras and Migration Workers in the Mexico-United States Border Industrialisation Program (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981)
Sklair, L. et al. Maquiladoras an Annotated Bibliography (San Diego: Center for US-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1988)
Sklair, L Assembling for Development: the Maquila Industry in Mexico and the US (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989)*
Self-check: If you were previously unfamilar with this area, you will have acquire a basic working knowledge and will have a knowledge of the periodisation of the flows and the bracero program
WEEK 7: Oscillating Migrants Migrant Labour and the South African Mines
9.11.2004
Two aspects of this topic will be considered. First we will examine the origins and mechanisms of labour recruitment to the mines.Why did the mines need that kind labour? Second, we will look at social control in the mining compounds.
Cohen, R. The New Helots., 82–94, 200–219
Crush, Jonathan et al South Africa’s Labor Empire: A History of Black Migrancy to the Gold Mines (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991)*HM1456.C7
Gordon, R. J. Mines, Masters and Migrants (Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1977) HM 563.1.G6
James, W. ‘Class Conflict, Mine Hostels and the Reproduction of a Labour Force’, in R. Cohen et al. Repression and Resistance: Insider Accounts of Apartheid (London: Hans Zell, 1990) 142–64* DT 763.R3
James, W. Our Precious Metal: African Workers in South Africa’s Gold-mining Industry, 1970–90 London: James Currey, 1992) HM 9563.31.J2
Jeeves, Alan H. Migrant Labour in South Africa’s Mining Economy: The Struggle for the Gold Mines Labour Supply, 1890–1920 (Kingston, Ont: McGill-Queens University Press, 1985) HM 1455.6.J3
Johnstone, I. Class, Race and Gold (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1976) HC 9756.J6
Labour, Capital and Society Special Issue of this Journal Vol 25 (1)
Legassick, M. and F. de Clercq ‘Capitalism and Migrant Labour in Southern Africa: The Origin and Nature of the System’, in S Marks and P Richardson (eds) International Labour Migration Historical Perspectives (London: Maurice Temple Smith, 1984) HM 1450.I6
Levy, N. The Foundation of the South African Cheap Labour System (London: Routledge, 1982) Chapters 2, 4, 5, 6 tic 7 HM 9563.31.L3 (Lots of detail, don’t get bogged down.)
McNamara, J. K. ‘Migration Routes to the Gold Mines and Compound Accommodation 1889–1912’, South African Labour Bulletin 4 (3), 1978
Moroney, S. ‘The Development of the Compound as a Mechanism of Worker Control: 1900–1912’, South African Labour Bulletin Vol. 4, 1978
Turrell, R. V. Capital and Labour on the Kimberly, Diamond Fields, 1871–90 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 19??) HM 9563.9.T8)
Wilson, F. Labour in the South African Gold Mines, 1911–1969 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972) HM 9563.31.W4
van Onselen, C. Chibaro: African Mine Labour in Southern Rhodesia 1900–1933 (London: Pluto Press, 1976) (Rhodesia, not South Africa, but many analogies) HM 9543.31.V2
Yudelman, D. The Emergence of Modern South Africa: State, Capital and the Incorporation of Organised Labour on the South African Goldfields (Westport, Conn.: 1983) HM 9563.31.Y8
Self-check: You should know about the nature of labour recruitment in southern Africa, understand the reasons for the deployment of oscillating labour and have a good awareness of how the hostels and compounds functioned
WEEK 8: Illegal/Undocumented Migrants: the Case of the USA
16.11.2004
The issue of ‘illegality’ raises the question of the legality/morality of the frontier and of US immigration law. Thus the expression ‘undocumented’. Whatever the Mexican migrants are called, their numbers, fate and effects in the labour market have occasioned graphic descriptions of their conditions, passionate advocacy of different policies and extensive scholarship to establish the facts behind the contending views. Can the US state police its borders? Do public opinion, economic interest and political will coincide or diverge?