Medieval English 1066 - Middle 14Th Century

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Old English 450-1066 <Beowulf>

Medieval English 1066 - middle 14th century

Geoffrey Chaucer - the father of English poetry

<The Canterbury Tales> first time to use 'heroic couplet'

The Renaissance - rebirth or revival

Humanism - the essence of the Renaissance, the dignity of human being & the importance of the present life

Edmund Spenser - the poets' poet <The Faerie Queene>

Christopher Marlowe - University Wits, the pioneer of English drama

Blank verse, hyperbole夸张

<Dr. Faustus> the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness

<The Passionate Shepherd to His Love> pastoral life

William Shakespeare - above all writers in the past and in the present time

Four tragedies - Hamlet, Othello, King Lear & Macbeth

<Sonnet 18> eternal or immortal beauty

<The Merchant of Venice> to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, to expose the insatiable greed and brutality <Hamlet> hesitate between fact and fiction, language and action, too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger

To be, or not to be - to live on in this world or to die; to suffer or to take action

Soliloquy or monologue - fully reveal the inner conflict of the characters

Francis Bacon - brevity, compactness & powerfulness, his essays is an important landmark in the development of English proseInductive method 归纳法in place of deductive method 演绎法<Of Studies> uses and benefits of study - studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Studies perfect nature, and are perfected by experience. Different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies - studies and experience are complementary 互补to each other. The correct attitude to reading books - to weigh and consider. How studies exert influence over human character - reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.

John Donne

metaphysical poetry - break away from love poetry, a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free range of feelings and moodsConceits, syllogism 三段论

<The Sun Rising> the busy sun is always ready to interfere with other things and everywhere

<Death, Be Not Proud> whatever you are, you can not escape from death. When you are living, you are always in the shadow of death. Death only lasts a moment, our life after death is eternal. The more pleasure the death gives people, not only the pleasure of the rest & the sleep, because 'whom the gods love die young'. Though death is usually considered powerful, it actually provides a rest for a man's body and a birth for his soul.

John Milton

<Paradise Lost> the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf. The conflict is between human love and spiritual duty. In heaven, Satan led a rebellion against God with his unconquerable will.

<Samson Agonistes> the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English.

Neoclassicism - a revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion抑制情感& accuracyEnlightenment - a progressive intellectual movement, reason (rationality), equality & science

Gothic novel - mystery, horror & castles

John Bunyan

<The Vanity Fair> from <The Pilgrim's Progress>, a religious allegory, pursue the truth

Alexander Pope

<An Essay on Criticism> a poem written in heroic couplets, criticize the present poem lack of true taste & call on people to turn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance, 'true wit' is best set in a plain (simple & clear) style.

Daniel Defoe - the first writer study of the lower-class people<Robinson Crusoe>, praise the human labor and the Puritan fortitude 清教徒坚韧

Jonathan Swift - a master satiristIn his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed

Proper words in proper places

<Gulliver's Travels>, four parts - Lilliput, Brobdingnag, Flying Island & Houyhnhnm

Henry Fielding - Father of English novel, Prose HomerComic epic in prose

Samuel Johnson - first combine an English dictionary, last neoclassicist enlightener

Richard Brinsley Sheridan - the only important English dramatist of the 18th century

<The Rivals> and <The School for Scandal> are regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw.

Thomas Gray

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Richard Brinsley Sheridan - the only important English dramatist of the 18th century

<The Rivals> and <The School for Scandal> are regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw.

Thomas Gray

The Graveyard School <Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard>

Romantic - emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace

The romantic period began with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge's <Lyrical Ballads>

William Blake -engraver雕刻家

<The Chimney Sweeper> from <Songs of Innocence> a happy and innocence world from children's eye

<The Chimney Sweeper> from <Songs of Experience> a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy 忧郁的tone from men eyes Childhood, paradoxes, a pairing of opposites

William Wordsworth - the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, simple, spontaneous, worshipper of nature'Lake Poets' - William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge & Robert SoutheyHe defines the poet as a 'man speaking to men', and poetry as 'the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in 'emotion recollected in tranquillity'.

the poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils 水仙and poet's philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.

<Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802> the sonnet describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London, silent, bright, glittering, smokeless & mildly. It is so touching a sight that the poet expressed his religion piety 虔诚for nature.

<The Solitary Reaper> thanks to poet's rich imagination, the mass of associations, this commonplace happening becomes a striking event, the poet succeeds in making the reader's share his emotion. The poem also shows the poet's passionate love of nature.

Samuel Taylor Coleridge - supernatural, remotePoet can be divided into two groups - the demonic (supernatural) & the conversational

The demonic group includes 3 masterpieces - <The Rime of the Ancient Mariner>, <Chrisabel>, <Kubla Khan>

George Gordon Byron

'Byronic hero' is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles. Such a hero appears first in <Childe Harold's Pilgrimage>.

<Song for the Luddites> 'will die fighting, or live free' the Luddites destroyed the machines in their protest against unemployment. The poet's great sympathy of the workers in their struggle against the capitalists is clearly shown.

<The Isles of Greece> from <Don Juan> (the masterpiece of Byron, a long satirical poem), song by a Greek singer at the wedding of Don Juan and Haidee. 'Fill high the bowl with Samian wine'?

Percy Bysshe Shelley

<Ode to the West Wind> terza rima, destructive-constructive potential, hopeful, 'I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!', 'If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?'

John Keats

4 great odes - <Ode on Melancholy>, <Ode on a Grecian Urn>, <Ode to a Nightingale>, <Ode to Psyche>

<Ode on a Grecian Urn> the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience 短暂of human passion, 'Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard are sweeter', 'Beauty is truth, truth beauty'

Jane Austen

<Pride and Prejudice>The Victorian Period

Darwin's <The Origin of Species> and <The Descent of Man> shook the traditional faith, everything is created by GodUtilitarianism 功利主义was widely accepted and practiced Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people

Charles Dickens - one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age

Character-portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of his worksA mingling of humor and pathos 悲伤

The Bronte Sisters - Charlotte, Emily & AnneEmily, a rather reserved and simple girl, was very much a child of nature.

Alfred Tennyson - invents dramatic monologue, Poet Laureate 桂冠诗人, a real artist

<Break, Break, Break> the death of his best friend, his sadness feeling are contrasted with the carefree, innocent joys of the children and the unfeeling movement of the ship and the sea waves

<Crossing the Bar> we can feel his fearlessness towards death, his faith in God and an afterlife. 'Crossing the bar' means leaving this world and entering the next world

<Ulysses> not endure the peaceful commonplace everyday life, old as he is, he persuades his old followers to go with him and to set sail again to pursue a new world and new knowledge, dramatic monologue, 'Myself not least, but honour'd of them all' means I am not the least important, but

honoured by all of them

Robert Browning - the most original poet, who improve and mature the dramatic monologue

<The Ring and the Book> his masterpiece

<My Last Duchess> this dramatic monologue is the duke's speech addressed to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage, the duke is a self-conceited, cruel and tyrannical man

George Eliot:As a woman of exceptional 特有的intelligence and life experience, she shows a particular concern for the destiny of women

<Middlemarch> a sharp contrast is set between the cold, lifeless, dull house and Dorothea who is full of youthful life and vigor

Thomas Hardy - both a naturalistic and a critical realist writerLocal-colored, Wessex, 'novels of character and environment'

<Tess of the D'Urbervilles> experience is as to intensity, and not as to duration

American Romantic Period

Started with Washington Irving's <The Sketch Book> and ended with Whitman's <Leaves of Grass>, also called 'the American Renaissance'Free expression of emotion, escapes from society, and return to nature New England Transcendentalism

Washington Irving - father of the American short stories, the American Goldsmith

Perfected the best classic style that American literature ever produced

First novel <A History of New York>

<The Sketch Book> contains German folk tales <Rip Van >, <The Legend of Sleepy Hollow>

Ralph Waldo Emerson - the spokesman of New England Transcendentalism movement

<The Poet> a reflection upon the aesthetic problems in terms of the present state of literature in America

<Experience> a discussion about the conflict between idealism and ordinary lifeAmerican Puritanism, European Romanticism, intuitive knowledge, over-soul, individual, nature

<Nature> is regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Interior of the heart, there is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life, but circumstances may rouse it to activity

Walt Whitman

Openness, freedom, individualism

I - me, my nation (society), Free verse, Envelope structure, Catalogue (Listing)

A new ideal, a new world, a new life-style

<There Was a Child Went Forth> how a child is greatly influenced by his growing environments

<Cavalry Crossing a Ford> a scene of the American Civil War, all the movements described in this picture are frozen.

<Song of Myself> Whitman is a man bubbling with energy and laden with ideas, spontaneous expression of his original ideas

Herman Melville - a master of allegory and symbolism, like Hawthorne<Moby-Dick> the first American prose epic, Ishmael both as a character and a narrator, the captain, Ahab is a monomaniac

Realistic period - the Gilded Age, the poor poorer and the rich richer, people's attention was now directed to the interesting features of everyday existence

Local colorism, social Darwinism, bestiality, beyond man's control

Mark Twain - the true father of American literature

Local colorist, vernacular, simple sentence, 'the damned human race' The Gilded Age

3 boyhood books <Life on the Mississippi>, <The Adventures of Tom Sawyer>, <Adventures of Huckleberry Finn>

<Adventures of Huckleberry Finn> Huck's inner conflict about whether or not he should write a letter to tell Miss Watson where Jim is.

Henry James - international theme, psychological realistStream of consciousness, interior monologue, free association

<Daisy Miller> the narrator is an American expatriate, named Winterbourne. Daisy is the most innocent girl. The clash is between two different cultures.

Emily Dickinson

Based on her own experiences, her sorrows and joys

<This is my letter to the World> express Dickinson's anxiety about her communication with the outside world.

description of a moment of death

Dickinson makes the train part of nature by animalizing it, like a horse.

<Because I could not stop for Death - > personify death and immortality so as to make her message strongly felt

Theodore Dreiser - America's literary naturalists Case history including everything Determinism (heredity biological & environment), survival of the fittest, the jungle law Trilogy of Desire - <The Financier>, <The Titan>, <The Stoic> <Sister Carrie> 'who shall cast the first stone?'

The modern period - the second American Renaissance, the expatriate movement, the Lost Generation, a transformation from order to disorder

Seize the day, enjoy the present, spiritual wasteland, collective unconscious, psychoanalysis

Imagist movement, Jazz Age

Ezra Pound - a leading spokesman of the 'Imagist Movement'

<In a Station of the Metro> Pound attempts to produce the emotion he felt when he walked down into a Paris subway station and suddenly saw a number of faces in the dim light. To capture the emotions, Pound uses the image of petals on wet, black boughs.

<A Pact> agreement with Whitman's free verse

Robert Lee Frost - four times awarded Pulitzer Prize, pastoral life and scene

Eugene O'Neill - founder of the American drama, won the Pulitzer Prize four times

F. Scott Fitzgerald - spokesman of the Jazz Age, Dollar Decade, 1920s

A double vision of the Jazz Age, both an insider and an outsiderAmerican Dream

Ernest Hemingway - awarded the Nobel Prize

Iceberg style, Code hero, the lost generation, grace under pressure

<Indian Camp> from <In Our Time> birth and death coexist

William Faulkner - awarded a Nobel Prize

South, imprisonment in the past

Stream of consciousness, multiple points of view

Yoknapatawpha Country

<A Rose for Emily> Emily is regarded as the symbol of tradition and the

old way of life. Thus her death is like the falling of a monument.

英美文学重点English & American Literature