BIO211 Study Guide for Lectures 29-31page 1 of 6

BIO 211 – Human Anatomy

Study Guide

Topic: Digestive System

Lectures 29, 30 & 31

Objectives:

  1. To learn the major divisions and regions of the digestive system and their functions.
  2. To learn the basic structure and function of the stomach.
  3. To learn the anatomy and functions of the small intestine and large intestine.
  4. To learn the anatomy and functions of the liver and pancreas.

Readings:

Chapter 26: Sections 26.1 General Structure and Functions of the Digestive System, 26.2 Oral Cavity except for 26.2d Teeth, 26.3 Pharynx, 26.5 Esophagus, 26.7 Stomach, 26.8 Small Intestine, 26.9 Large Intestine, 26.10 Accessory Digestive Organs

Diagrams YouMust Be Able to Label (Chapter 26):

Fig. 26.12a

Terms to Know:

Basic Divisions of the Digestive System

1. Digestive tract (also known as the alimentary canal, gastrointestinal (GI) tract or alimentary tract)

2. Accessory organs (liver, gall bladder, pancreas and salivary glands)

Regions of the Digestive System

Mouth (oral cavity)

Pharynx

Esophagus

Stomach

Small intestine

Large intestine

Anus

Functions of the Digestive System

Ingestion

Mastication

Propulsion

  1. Peristalsis
  2. Mass movements

Segmentation

Secretion

Digestion

Absorption

Elimination

Basic Components of the Mouth or Oral Cavity

Labia (lips) – largely orbicularis oris muscle

Cheeks – largely buccinator muscle

Palate

  1. Hard palate – palatine and maxilla
  2. Soft palate – skeletal muscles and nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Palatine tonsils – location in oral cavity

Tongue – skeletal muscles

Uvula

Salivary Glands

Saliva – know its functions

Three pairs of salivary glands

  1. Parotid
  2. Submandibular
  3. Sublingual

Pharynx

Know the three basic regions

  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx

Esophagus

Esophageal hiatus – hiatal hernia

Sphinctors – superior esophageal and inferior esophageal

Anatomy and Histology of the Stomach

Cardiac orifice

Pyloric orifice

Parts of the stomach

  1. Cardia
  2. Fundus
  3. Body
  4. Pylorus

3 muscle layers in wall of stomach - longitudinal, circular and oblique

Rugae or gastric folds (form and function during digestion)

Gastric pits

Gastric glands

  1. Mucous cells
  2. Parietal cells
  3. Chief cells

Hydrochloric acid

Pepsinogen (pepsin)

Anatomy and Histology of the Small Intestine

Divisions:

  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum

Circular folds

Villi

Microvilli

Lacteal

Anatomy of the Liver

4 Lobes (you are not responsible for names of lobes)

Ducts:

  1. Cystic
  2. Common hepatic
  3. Common bile

Bile

Gallbladder

Gallstones

Detoxification

Phagocytosis

Anatomy of the Pancreas

Pancreatic duct

Insulin

Pancreatic juice

Anatomy of the Large Intestine

Ileocecal valve

Cecum

Vermiform appendix

Ascending colon

Transverse colon

Descending colon

Sigmoid colon

Rectum

Anal canal

Internal anal sphinctor

External anal sphinctor

Mass movements

Defecation reflex

Defecation

Study Questions:

  1. Chewing food is an example of

a) absorption

b) mechanical digestion

c) secretion

d) chemical digestion

e) ingestion

  1. The first stages of digestion take place in the

a) esophagus

b) oral cavity

c) stomach

d) small intestine

e) pharynx

  1. The movement of food through the small intestine by waves of contraction and relaxation of the tract wall is

a) ingestion

b) mass movements

c) mixing

d) peristalsis

  1. Select the statement that is correct. Saliva

a) is produced by glands in the pharynx

b) does not prevent bacterial infection of the mouth

c) lubricates food and contains an enzyme to digest starch

d) initiates mixing of food in the mouth by stimulating the buccinator muscle

e) can cause erosion of enamel of the teeth

  1. The lips, cheek, and tongue all aid in

a)speech and swallowing

b)mastication and speech

c)mastication and swallowing

d)mastication and sense of taste

e)mass movements and peristalsis

  1. Which of the following passageways would normally transmit only air?

a)oropharynx

b)nasopharynx

c)mouth cavity

d)laryngopharynx

e)esophagus

  1. Accessory organs of the oral cavity include the ______.
  1. The superior opening of the stomach is called the ______.
  1. The ______muscle layer is found in the wall of the stomach, but not the wall of the intestine.
  1. Match the following:

Finger-like extensions of cell membrane of the epithelium lining the inner wall of intestine ______/ A) stomach
Coiled tube attached to the cecum ______/ B) duodenum
Produce hydrochloric acid in the stomach ______/ C) lacteal
Storage site for bile ______/ D) colon
Finger-like projections of the inner wall of the small intestine that increase surface area ______/ E) liver
First region of the small intestine ______/ F) pancreas
Responsible for churning, storage and chemical digestion with the enzyme pepsin ______/ G) gall bladder
Secrete pepsinogen ______/ H) appendix
Forms semisolid waste material that is moved along by mass movements ______/ I) bile
Large folds in the stomach wall ______/ J) parietal cells
Releases several types of digestive enzymes into duodenum ______/ K) chief cells
Permanent ridges in the wall of the small intestine that enhance absorption by increasing surface area and slowing down passage of food ______/ L) rugae
Produces and secretes bile ______/ M) villi
Specialized lymphatic vessel in the wall of the small intestine that absorbs and carries digested fat ______/ N) circular folds
A non-enzymatic, fat-emulsifying agent ______/ O) microvilli
  1. Before the blood carrying the products of digestion reaches the heart, it first must pass through capillary blood vessels in the

a) spleen

b) lungs

c) liver

d) pancreas

e) stomach

  1. Which of the following is not true of the large intestine?

a) it is divided into ascending, transverse and descending portions

b) it contains abundant bacteria, some of which synthesize vitamins

c) it is the main site for absorption

d) it absorbs much of the water and salts that remain in the wastes.

e) waste products move through the large intestine through mass movements.

  1. Which of the following is not a function of the liver?

a) processing of nutrients to regulate relative amounts of carbohydrates, fats and proteins

b) producing enzymes that digest proteins

c) breaking down old red blood cells

d) detoxifying certain poisons

e) producing bile

  1. Which of the following is not paired correctly?

a) esophagus & peristalsis

b) mouth & mastication

c) large intestine & mass movement

d) small intestine & peristalsis

e) stomach & emulsification

  1. Place the following in the correct order as food passes through the small and large intestines:

A) descending colon, B) sigmoid colon, C) rectum, D) cecum, E) transverse colon, F) ascending colon

a) E, A, F, B, D, C

b) D, F, E, A, B, C

c) F, E, A, B, D, C

d) D, B, A, E, F, C

e) B, A, E, F, C, D

  1. Which of the following cells secrete digestive enzymes?

a)mucous cells

b)goblet cells

c)parietal cells

d)chief cells

e)absorptive cells

  1. Protection from stomach acid and digestive enzymes is provided for the inner wall of the small intestine by ______.