LIST OF TABLES (Suppl. material)

TABLE 1

Demographic characteristics

Class / Study A
Females Males / Study B
Females Males
Age (y) / 31±11 / 36±51,2 / 30±21 / 31±51
Danish nationality (n) / 3 / 3 / 7 (3)3 / 3 (2) 3
Italian nationality (n) / 1 / 1 / 2 (1) 3 / 4 (1) 3

1All values are estimated mean and standard deviation.

2Significantly different from women (independent t test): P < 0.05

2Numbers in parentheses indicates the number of subjects who participated in both study A and B.

TABLE 2

1H NMR assignments for human urine. Metabolite identification and their potential role as biomarkers.

Peak / δ (ppm) / Assignments / Status as Biomarker
1 / 1.32 / Lactate / Potential marker of exercise
2 / 1.47 / Alanine / A potential marker of meat and high-protein foods intake
3 / 1.91 / Acetate / A potential marker of contamination – is produced and excreted by certain bacteria
4 / 2.35 / Succinate
5 / 2.53-2.56,
2.66-2.71 / Citrate / Is formed in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The excretion in the urine is shown to be higher by females than by males. Also a potential marker of citrus fruits.
6 / 2.73 / Dimethylamine / A potential marker of fish and seafood intake
7 / 3.04 / Creatine
8 / 3.05, 4.05 / Creatinine / Potential marker of fish and meat intake. Is excreted in higher amounts by males due to a larger muscle mass
9 / 3.11, 3.30
7.35, 7.39 / Phenylalanine / A potential marker of meat and high-protein foods intake. Phenylalanine is also found in artificial sweeteners containing aspartame
10 / 3.15 / Dimethylsulfone / Marker of onion intake
11 / 3.21 / Carnitine / Marker of a diet rich in meat
12 / 3.27 / Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) / Marker of a diet rich in fish
13 / 3.43 / Taurine / Marker of a diet rich in meat
14 / 3.57 / Glycine
15 / 3.71, 3.80, 3.86, 3.89 / Mannitol1 / A potential marker of onions, olives and celery. Is also used as an industrially produced sweetener and in functional foods
16 / 3.95, 7.56, 7.64,7.84 / Hippurate / A potential marker of plant food intake (tea, wine, fruit juices).
17 / 3.98, 7.09, 7.90 / Histidine / Potential marker of red and white meat intake and some kinds of fish
18 / 8.46 / Formate

1Some other sugars contribute with signals in these regions and further investigation is needed to clarify the ratio among them