Unit #5 – NINETEENTH CENTURY
Lesson #11 – The New National State and Marxism/Socialism
(766-777)
I. The Responsive National State
A. General Trends
The masses
The governments after 1871
B. The German Empire
Politics in the Empire
KULTURKAMPF
Winning over the Catholics (“realpolitik”) = PROTECTIONISM
other nations followed – increased antagonism (protectionism)
Social Democrats, and Bismarck’s defeat of their power
William II
C. Republican France
Paris Commune of 1871
National Assembly and Adolphe Thiers
The Third Republic
DREYFUS AFFAIR
D. Great Britain and Ireland
Queen Victoria
Granddaughter of the previous king
George III (1760-1820)
George IV (1820-1830) – first son of George III – a poor role model
– charming but selfish, unreliable, irresponsible
-Illegally married his commoner Catholic GF
-Forced to marry his cousin by the king – one child
-Horrible marriage to his queen – remained with GF
William IV (1830-1837) – third son of George III
-The last king to appoint a PM
-Presided over end of slavery, The Poor Law, Reform Bill of 1832 (real voting to take place)
-Had 10 illegitimate kids with actress/GF – no legitimate
Victoria I (1837-1901) – daughter of 4th son of George III
The only legitimate grandchild of George III
Inherited English throne; not Hannover (Salic Law)
Privately – she influenced British policy
Publically – she became a national icon
Represented loyalty, thrift, hard work – unlike predecessors
Married her BF / first cousin, Albert of Saxe-Coburg/Gotha
Nine children – married them into royal and noble families
63 years monarch
Industrial, cultural, political, scientific, military growth
Next:Edward VII (1901-1910) – 60 years old – son of Victoria
George V (1910-1936) - WWI
Edward VIII (1936 (Jan-Dec))
George VI (1936-1952) - WWII
Elizabeth II (1952-?)
Whigs vs Tories – House of Commons
House of Lords allowed Commons to legislate
Goal: remain above politics
Realized they were being replaced as the power in Parliament
1900-1910 – Peer resurgence
vetoed socialist legislation (labor unions)
1906 – Liberal Party to power –led to the end of Lords as a power
Liberals passed The PEOPLE’S BUDGET
Lords vetoed
King threatened to double Peers (as in 1832)
They caved – changed political structure in Britain forever
Second Reform Bill of 1867
Third Reform Bill of 1884
People’s Budget
Home Rule of Ireland
E. The Austro-Hungarian Empire – the DUAL MONARCHY
Formation of Dual Monarchy
Compromise of 1867 – the Ausgleich
Other Nationalities
WWI - a result of Serbs in Austria demanding independence
Germans demanded Austria not crumble (only ally)
Russians demanded freedom for Orthodox Serbians
Russia had France on its side
Germany could not back down and lose prominence
F. Jewish Emancipation and Modern Anti-Semitism
excelled in business, law, finance, retail trade, journalism, medicine
were VERY loyal to nation-state
market crash of 1873 blamed on Jews
intense anti-Semitism in Austria and Russia
1890s Vienna Mayor Karl Leuger – very popular (1897-1910)
Zionist movement
1881-1882 – POGROMS
II. Marxism and the Socialist movement
- The Socialist International
B. Unions and Revisionism
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